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the other day

Fujian has been introduced.

"Fujian Province Housing Provident Fund"

Measures for the Administration of Deposit "

(hereinafter referred to as the "Measures")

It will be implemented from February 1st.

Valid for 5 years

This is the first time that Fujian Province has formulated a special

Measures for the administration of housing provident fund deposit

It is clear in the "Measures"

Freelancers and compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan

Depositable provident fund

Prescribed deposit

"Limit the height and guarantee the bottom" standard and other issues.

↓↓↓

Q1

What are the deposit targets of housing provident fund?

On-the-job employees: Housing accumulation fund shall be paid by their work units.

Compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan who are employed locally and foreigners who hold the Permanent Residence Permit for Foreigners can pay the housing provident fund as required.

Military employers and their civilian personnel: Housing provident fund shall be paid in accordance with regulations, and the paid housing provident fund shall be uniformly managed by the local provident fund center.

Flexible employees: individuals can deposit housing provident fund, and the specific measures shall be formulated separately by the local provident fund management committees.

Q2

What is the base and proportion of housing provident fund deposit?

The "Measures" stipulate that the deposit base of employee housing provident fund is the average monthly salary of employees in the previous year. However, there are limits-

The lower limit of the monthly deposit base of housing provident fund: the minimum wage standard for cities with districts where employees work.

The upper limit of the monthly deposit base of housing provident fund: 3 times the average monthly salary of local employees.

The "Measures" stipulate that the deposit ratio of units and employees’ housing provident fund should not be higher than 12% and should not be lower than 5%, and units can independently determine the deposit ratio within this range.

Q3

Just joined a new unit, how to determine the base of housing provident fund deposit?

Newly hired employees shall pay the housing provident fund from the date when the employing unit issues wages, and the deposit base shall be the monthly salary of the employed month or the average monthly salary of the previous year. If the employed month is not full-term, the converted monthly salary shall be used as the deposit base.

Q4

How to calculate the amount of employee’s monthly housing provident fund deposit?

The monthly deposit amount of employee housing provident fund includes the unit deposit part and the employee deposit part, which are respectively the employee deposit base multiplied by the unit housing provident fund deposit ratio and the employee housing provident fund deposit ratio, with yuan as the unit and the following yuan rounded off.

Example:

In 2023, the upper limit of the monthly payment base of employees who pay housing provident fund in a city is 28,062 yuan, and the lower limit is 1,960 yuan.

Example 1: If the average monthly salary of employee A last year was 29,200 yuan, which was higher than the upper limit of the monthly contribution base in 2023, the upper limit of the monthly contribution of the employee’s housing accumulation fund should be 6,734 yuan according to the upper limit of 28,062 yuan, which should not be higher than this upper limit.

If the average monthly salary of employee B in the previous year is 1780 yuan, which is lower than the monthly minimum wage standard of this city, the monthly deposit base of employee housing provident fund should be calculated according to the lower limit of the monthly minimum wage standard of 1960 yuan in this city, and the lower limit of the monthly deposit is 196 yuan, which shall not be lower than this lower limit.

Example 2: If the monthly contribution base of employee C’s housing accumulation fund is 28,062 yuan, which reaches the upper limit of the monthly contribution base in 2023, if the contribution ratio of the unit is 12%, then the monthly contributions of the unit and the employee are 3,367 yuan respectively, and the total monthly contribution of the employee is 3,367+3,367 = 6,734 yuan.

Example 3: If the contribution base of employee D’s housing provident fund is the monthly minimum wage of 1960 yuan in this city, and the contribution ratio is 5%, then the monthly contributions of the unit and the employee are 98 yuan respectively, and the total monthly contribution of the employee is 98+98=196 yuan.

Example 4: If the average monthly salary of employee E in the previous year is 17,000 yuan according to the statistical caliber of total wages, which is between the upper limit and the lower limit of the monthly contribution base, if the contribution ratio is 10%, the employee should calculate the monthly contribution of 1700+1700 = 3,400 yuan according to the standard of the monthly contribution base of 17,000 yuan.

Q5

What if the unit encounters difficulties and the provident fund cannot be paid?

If it is really difficult for a unit to pay the housing provident fund, it may apply for reducing the payment ratio or delaying the payment of the housing provident fund after discussion and approval by the employees (representatives) meeting or trade union of the unit. However, the time limit for reducing the deposit ratio and deferring payment each time cannot exceed one year.

When the economic benefit of the unit improves or the deposit ratio is reduced, and the deferred payment expires, the reduced deposit ratio shall be restored to the normal ratio, and the deferred payment shall be restored to the normal deposit and the deferred housing provident fund shall be repaid; If it is necessary to reduce the deposit ratio or postpone payment, it is necessary to re-apply.

Q6

If the unit is dissolved or bankrupt, are the rights and interests of employees guaranteed?

The "Measures" stipulate that if a unit is merged, divided, revoked, dissolved or bankrupt, it shall repay the unpaid and underpaid housing provident fund for employees. If the unit is unable to pay back when it is merged or divided, it shall clearly pay back the responsible subject before going through the relevant formalities; When a unit is revoked, dissolved or bankrupt, it shall pay off the housing accumulation fund of the unpaid employees according to law.

public accumulation fund

As a national statutory

A housing security system

Provides every worker with

Stable and safe

Housing fund guarantee

so

Are there any friends in Fuzhou?

Want to check the balance of provident fund?

Want to know your own provident fund payment base and deposit ratio?

Or want to withdraw the housing provident fund?

……

How to inquire or handle it conveniently and quickly?

What about your own provident fund business?

Actually it’s very simple.

↓↓↓

Just open the "e Fuzhou" APP.

Click [five insurances and one gold] on the homepage.

Select [Provident Fund Service]

Select Business Processing or other items.

Select the business you need to inquire or handle.

Just follow the system prompts

Is it particularly simple?

Original title: "How much does the housing provident fund pay? How to pay? Fujian’s first management measures are clear. "

Read the original text

　　Today, HarmonyOS Zhixing’s "Fifth World" brand officially announced its first model-Shangjie H5. The design style of this medium-sized SUV is simple and modern, and the front face adopts a closed design, with flat headlights and a push-down front, showing an obvious sense of movement. The overall lines of the car body are smooth, which fully highlights the vitality and dynamics. Shangjie H5 did not follow the market trend and chose the traditional style, which also made the overall design more concise and practical.

　　According to reports, the interior space of Shangjie H5 is also excellent, with a long back door, which is expected to provide sufficient interior space for families or long-distance travel. In addition, the vehicle is equipped with lidar and the camera on the fender, which indicates that Shangjie H5 will be equipped with Huawei’s latest Gankun Intelligent Driving ADS system. The system has powerful driving assistance function, and it is expected to be at the first level in China. Huawei Yu Chengdong also announced that Shangjie H5 will be equipped with Huawei ADS 4 system to provide top-level intelligent driving experience.

　　Shangjie H5 will be equipped with HarmonyOS intelligent cockpit, which supports high-end functions such as multi-screen interaction, voice assistant AI model and car home interconnection. As an entry-level model of HarmonyOS Zhixing brand, Shangjie H5 is aimed at the young people’s market, and the estimated price will be between 150,000 and 250,000 yuan. Although lidar may not be standard in all versions, high-equipped models will provide a more comprehensive intelligent driving experience, making it an ideal choice for technology enthusiasts and young consumers.

　　In terms of power, Shangjie H5 will provide extended range version and pure electric version. The extended-range version is equipped with a 1.5T range extender, and its comprehensive battery life can exceed 1,000km, while the pure-electric version is expected to use Huawei’s whale battery platform, supporting 800V high-voltage fast charging. This configuration will further enhance the practicability and market competitiveness of vehicles and meet the needs of different consumers.

　　Generally speaking, Shangjie H5 is the first model of HarmonyOS Zhixing "Fifth World" brand jointly built by Huawei and SAIC, and it is positioned in the young market of 200,000. This model will attract a large number of consumers who pursue technology and quality life with its high-end intelligent configuration, modern and simple design and excellent performance. It is expected that this car will be officially unveiled this autumn and provide more intelligent and environmentally friendly travel options for young car owners.

Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, December 21stTitle: Go all out to fight the tough battle under the severe cold-the earthquake relief work of Jishishan M6.2 earthquake is carried out in an orderly manner.

Xinhua news agency reporter

Since the Jishishan M6.2 earthquake in Gansu Province, all forces have gone all out to investigate, search and rescue the wounded, try their best to resettle the affected people, repair the affected infrastructure, and prevent secondary disasters such as aftershocks and low temperatures. The earthquake relief work has been carried out in an orderly and orderly manner.

The reporter learned from the the State Council Earthquake Relief Headquarters that all member units responded quickly and actively guided and assisted Gansu and Qinghai to carry out earthquake relief work. The Ministry of Public Security launched a 24-hour joint duty to do a good job in personnel search and rescue and disaster verification; The Ministry of Finance and the Emergency Management Department urgently allocated 200 million yuan of central natural disaster relief funds to Gansu and Qinghai provinces; The Ministry of Transport quickly deployed various tasks such as emergency rescue, disaster damage investigation, and traffic protection; The Ministry of Commerce strengthens the monitoring and early warning of the daily necessities market and activates the joint guarantee and supply mechanism in Gansu, Qinghai, Shandong, Henan, Xinjiang, Sichuan, Yunnan and Xizang; The National Health and Wellness Commission dispatched experts and prevention and control teams to the disaster area to invest in relevant rescue work …

Move on hearing the disaster and fight continuously.

Dahejia Town, Jishishan County, Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu Province, is one of the most severely affected areas of the Jishishan earthquake with a magnitude of 6.2. On the 21st, the reporter came to Dahejia Town Police Station. The policemen and auxiliary police here came from other places for support on the night of the earthquake, and some were stationed all the time. Some spent two consecutive nights in the car, and some only slept for a few hours.

Their hair is messy and their eyes are bloodshot. When asked if they were tired, their eyes were firm: "In the face of such a big disaster, there is nothing tired, we can hold on!"

The reporter learned that after the earthquake, more than 14,000 boarding students from 13 boarding schools in Jishishan County were evacuated safely and orderly and properly placed.

At 18: 00 on the 21st, in Caotan Village, Zhongchuan Township, Qinghai Province and Hui and Tu Autonomous County, the outdoor temperature has dropped to minus 4 degrees Celsius, and a thin layer of ice has formed on the water. Starting from the assembly 12 minutes after the earthquake, the firefighters of Haidong City Fire Rescue Detachment have been fighting for more than 60 hours by dark on the 21st.

As the night deepened, the temperature dropped to nearly MINUS 8 degrees Celsius. The rescue site is still brightly lit, some firefighters continue to bury their heads in search and rescue, and some responsible regional search is coming to an end, and they come to the resettlement site to help the affected people set up tents. They said that the search and rescue is still going on, and they can’t stop for a moment in order to lose the people.

One side is in trouble and all sides support it.

At about 16: 00 on the 20th, a truck with the words "relief materials" on the front slowly pulled out from the Xizang Autonomous Region Relief Materials Reserve Center, filled with quilts, and is expected to arrive at the earthquake-stricken area in Qinghai on the 22nd. It is understood that in this operation, Xizang Autonomous Region donated 3 million yuan in cash and 96 tons of mineral water to the earthquake-stricken areas in Gansu, and 3 million yuan in cash and 2,300 beds of quilts to the earthquake-stricken areas in Qinghai.

On the 20th, merchants in Nanguan Ethnic Street, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province spontaneously donated materials worth more than 20,000 yuan, including instant noodles, quilts and mineral water. At 9 o’clock on the 20th, the motorcade set off from Lanzhou and arrived at Jishishan in the early morning of the 21st. Mi Hai, the person in charge of Nanguan ethnic street, said that the merchants’ great love and kindness are moving. Love beef noodles, love jiaozi, love noodles, love fried rice with eggs … The caring people at the resettlement sites in the disaster areas made love meals on the spot, and the fireworks in the cold winter reached the hearts of the affected people.

After the earthquake, people from all walks of life contributed money and contributed, and many enterprises and charities donated money and materials. On the highway, the vehicles in the "aid disaster area" galloped with much-needed materials and gathered into an endless love dragon. According to the incomplete statistics of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the value of donations from various charitable organizations, caring enterprises and individuals to the disaster-stricken areas has exceeded 460 million yuan.

The relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Civil Affairs said that it will continue to guide the Civil Affairs Departments of Gansu and Qinghai Province to receive, distribute, use and manage charitable donations, do a good job in guiding and mobilizing social organizations in a targeted manner, and urge civil affairs departments at all levels to strengthen the management of charitable donations to ensure that every love and goodwill is implemented.

Ensure that the masses are warm for the winter.

Along the winding Panshan Highway, the wheels press the ice and snow forward. After three landslides, it took nearly two hours, and the reporter finally arrived at Zhang guo jia cun, Liugou Township, Jishishan County. In the tent, Zhang Guiying, an 86-year-old man, is eating hot soup and noodles. More than 300 people in the village live in 26 tents that have just been built. Although it is a bit crowded, the burning fire has made Zhang Guiying and everyone’s heart gradually become practical from panic.

In this earthquake, the disaster area has to face not only the loss of life and property, but also the severe test brought by the severe cold. The earthquake has caused nearly 150,000 houses in Gansu to collapse and more than 200,000 houses to be damaged, involving more than 140,000 people.

How to keep people warm for the winter is a big problem in disaster relief. Gansu Yaojie Coal and Electricity Group Co., Ltd. recently organized the production, sorting and shipment of high-quality lump coal overnight. The first batch of relief materials, 12 cars and 400 tons of heating coal, arrived in the disaster area at 11: 00 on the 20th, sending warmth to the people in the disaster area. According to the resettlement needs of the people in the disaster areas, with the support of all parties, the first batch of 2,600 cotton tents, 11,000 folding beds, 11,000 cotton quilts, 400 sets of stoves and other relief materials were quickly allocated to the earthquake-stricken areas early on the 19th.

"On the afternoon of the 19 th, the township told us that the materials had arrived, and we quickly sent them back." Wang Hailong, captain of shangping village’s village support team in Liugou Township, Jishishan County, said that it was just dark and tents were set up at the resettlement site.

"Less than 20 hours after the earthquake, the disaster relief tent was electrified and the stove was ignited." Lu Zhaoxu, vice captain of Gansu Blue Sky Rescue Team, said that in order to keep the people from freezing, all parties are doing their best.

The reporter saw at several resettlement sites on the 21st that tents were neatly arranged, and the affected people received quilts, milk and other materials in an orderly manner outside the tents.

This is a disaster and a test. In this major test, we have seen the firm belief of one heart and one mind, and the touching power of United efforts to overcome the difficulties together.

　　The reporter visited the Yongning Freight Yard of Hangzhou Freight Center. The first "Express Freight Train" in the Spring Festival started yesterday.

　　Bamboo mats, chopsticks, tires, floors … These "small department stores" that people in Hangzhou often see in their lives and trips are packed one by one and neatly stacked in the warehouse of the freight yard, waiting to be transported to the train. Where will they be sent? Liuzhou, Guiyang, Changchun or Harbin.

　　In the area north of Liushi Elevated Road and south of Beixiu Street, facing Gaoting Xinyuan, it is the distribution center of "small department stores" and commercial cars sent to various places-Yongning Freight Yard of Hangzhou Freight Center, which is also the loading organization station of express freight trains and general express freight trains.

　　"Zhongce tires, Anji bamboo products and Huzhou floors are all the main goods sent." Yang Da, director of the Party Office of Hangzhou Freight Center, told the reporter that at 7: 50 yesterday morning, the X8713 train to Guangdong Shilong and Tangxi will depart from Qiaosi Marshalling Station, which is also the "Express Freight Train" issued by the first train in the Year of the Dog.

　　"White goods" mixed light and heavy were sent to all parts of the country.

　　Jointly promote door-to-door logistics service with logistics companies

　　Hangzhou Freight Center has seven operating departments, including Genshanmen, Hangzhou North, Shaoxing, Ningbo, Jiaxing, Changxing and Xiaoshan, 32 freight stations, and 64 special lines (special railways) with an operating mileage of 773 kilometers.

　　"There are now 11 express freight trains, 4 ordinary express freight trains and 9 hot metal combined trains within the jurisdiction of the center, which can be transported quickly, stably and safely to light bubbles, heavy goods and import and export goods." Yang Da turned to look at the freight warehouse. "Light bubble" goods are also called "white goods". Compared with "black goods" such as coal, oil and ore, they refer to "small department stores" used by citizens in their daily lives.

　　"Hello, I’d like to book a freight train for the same day." At 11 o’clock on Monday morning, Ms. Lin of Hangzhou Jiye Logistics Co., Ltd. was consulting business in the business hall of Yongning Freight Yard. "Every day, we basically ship furniture such as floors of 25 carriages to Guiyang, Kunming and Chongqing." Indeed, there are some logistics companies gathered around Yongning Freight Center, which are linked with the freight yard, and provide "door-to-door" services to meet the diversified and personalized logistics needs of customers.

　　"When the train rings, there are two thousand gold." With the deepening reform of railway freight transportation, the opening of internet freight business, the improvement of freight handling efficiency and the more perfect service standard, more and more enterprises are willing to take railway as the first choice for freight transportation.

　　In 2018, the total number of commercial vehicles is expected to reach 100,000 units.

　　Zhejiang brand will "go" further and better.

　　Compared with the cold chain transportation from Beilun Port to Chengdu, the quantity of commercial automobile transportation from Hangzhou North Yongning Freight Yard to various places has increased.

　　In the express freight train, the commercial cars sent to various places by Hangzhou North Yongning Freight Yard are also the highlights of railway transportation.

　　"The freight yard has been specially divided into two areas for parking commercial vehicles, with a total area of more than 6,000 square meters." Yang Da pointed to a red carriage parked next to the car crane. "The vehicles used to carry commercial vehicles are mostly special vehicles." The words "China Railway Special Goods" and "SQ6 concave bottom double-deck transport vehicle special vehicle" are printed on this red carriage, and one carriage can carry 10 commercial vehicles, mainly including Volkswagen, Buick, Geely and other brands.

　　"After they are transported to Yongning Freight Yard, there are two forms of continuous transportation." Yang Da paused. "One is to unload the car in the freight yard, and then transport the commodity car to Hangzhou and surrounding areas with freight cars; The other is that after arriving at the freight yard, after regrouping, it will continue to be transported to all parts of the country by special freight trains. "

　　On the way to Shenyang, near Yongning freight yard, some furniture markets and automobile sales stores are distributed on both sides, and citizens and vehicles come in and out. "The speed of express freight trains has reached 120 kilometers per hour, and the combined train of hot iron and water has facilitated the import and export of goods, and more PVC, aluminum ingots and steel products have been shipped to Hangzhou." Lu Jianzhong, secretary of Hangzhou North Yongning Freight Yard, laughed: "In 2017, the total number of goods vehicles arrived and delivered reached 84,000 units, and the total number of goods vehicles arrived and delivered in 2018 is expected to reach 100,000 units. Zhejiang brands will also better’ go global’."

　　Indeed, with the help of the "Belt and Road", the opening of freight trains has played a role in the integration of ports and railways, forming an advantageous pattern of land and sea planning and sea-rail combined transport. A series of freight trains is a big channel for trade and logistics. More and more active freight trains have become the link between Hangzhou’s economy and various places and countries, and also injected new vitality into Hangzhou’s economic development.

　　The mother of the rescued boy sent a circle of friends to find a little hero.

　　Zhu Liyan (left) and Dan Yuting (right)

　　On the evening of January 18th, a post looking for a little hero who bravely saved children from drowning exploded many friends circle of Leshan Jingyan people. It turned out that at 4 o’clock in the afternoon, near Baxian Bridge in Mangxi River, Jingyan County, two girls rescued a boy who fell into the river and left silently. Subsequently, the mother of the rescued boy sent a circle of friends to the whole city to find the "benefactor", and the local netizens relayed and found the little hero who saved people — — Zhu Liyan, but Yu Ting, a high school girl from Jingyan Middle School.

　　The incident occurred when a boy suddenly fell into the river while playing by the river.

　　At about 4 pm on January 18th, Zhu Liyan, a senior one (14) student from Jingyan Middle School, and Dan Yuting met for a walk, and unconsciously went to the Mangxi River outside the stadium.

　　Just walked under the Baxian Bridge by the Mangxi River, the two were preparing to rest on the stone chair. 1 of "dong", there was a noise nearby. The two quickly walked to the riverside guardrail and saw only a little boy about four or five years old falling into the river.

　　"Come and save people! Someone fell into the river! " Zhu Liyan and Dan Yuting immediately shouted around. After several calls, all I saw were children playing by the river, and another child who set off firecrackers by the river with the drowning children was suddenly blinded and stood in the same place.

　　At this time, the little boy who fell into the water struggled desperately and kept scratching at the shore, but the river bank was too smooth, and the little boy’s hands could not hold steadily. As soon as his feet approached the river bank, he slipped out again. Gradually, the little boy was exhausted and slowly began to sink.

　　Rescue female high school students, jump into the river and rescue boys from drowning.

　　At this critical juncture, Zhu Liyan quickly threw the mobile phone to Yu Ting, who had no time to take off her clothes and shoes, and jumped into the cold water. Zhu Liyan grabbed the little boy who fell into the water. The little boy also grabbed a lifeline and held Zhu Liyan tightly.

　　The riverbank is a slope. Zhu Liyan grabbed the little boy with one hand, but the other hand could not hold the riverbank steadily. At the same time, the little boy struggled desperately and swayed fiercely, and the situation at the scene was very critical.

　　Fortunately, Zhu Liyan groped for a crack and two pits on the river bank, and quickly grabbed a pit with her fingers, and her body stabilized for a while. But Yu Ting, who was nearby, saw this situation and took advantage of it. Together, they dragged the little boy out of the water and onto the shore.

　　"When Dan Yuting and I dragged the little boy to the shore, the little boy still grabbed my hand, and I used a lot of effort to break his hand." Talking about the scene at that time, Zhu Liyan still has a lingering fear.

　　Looking for someone to be rescued, the boy’s mother’s circle of friends brushed the screen to find a benefactor.

　　After the boy was rescued, he saw that the boy had been taken care of by his family, but Yu Ting took Zhu Liyan, who was soaked to the skin, and quietly went home to change clothes, and did not tell his family and outsiders about the process of saving people.

　　By the time the little boy’s parents reacted, the "little hero" had already disappeared. "Who saved my child? Where is the hero who saved people? "

　　Fortunately, a passerby took a photo, and the little boy’s parents quickly sent it to a circle of friends: "This afternoon, my second baby accidentally fell into the Mangxi River, and this girl who tied her hair saved him regardless of safety. Now I am asking for the contact information of my beautiful sister, and I beg you to forward it! " A news of looking for a "little hero" came alive in the circle of friends of many netizens in Jingyan.

　　In the end, everyone helped to find these two "little heroes", both of whom were students of Class 14, Grade 1, Jingyan Middle School, one named Zhu Liyan and the other named Dan Yuting. "Thank you for saving my child, but for your timely rescue, I can’t imagine the consequences … …” The little boy’s mother kept thanking them.

　　Praise the local call for young people to learn from the two.

　　It is understood that in recent days, the temperature has plummeted, the water in the Tunxi River is biting cold, and the water depth of the river is two or three meters. The behavior of two female students who bravely saved the drowning children regardless of their personal safety was not only praised by friends, but also in Jingyan Street. It was told by people.

　　However, when asked about the righteous act of going into the water to save people in a crisis, Zhu Lizhen said very calmly, "At that time, there were no adults around us. When I saw that the children were dying in the water, and I knew how to swim, I didn’t think too much and immediately jumped."

　　After learning the story of two students in Jingyan Middle School bravely saving children from drowning, at noon on January 19th, Zhou Huarong, secretary of Jingyan County Party Committee, and liuyong, the county magistrate, came to Jingyan Middle School to visit and express their condolences to the two "little heroes", and sent flowers to Zhu Liyan and Dan Yuting, having a cordial conversation with them, asking about the incident and learning about their study and life.

　　Zhou Huarong said that the two students stepped forward at the critical moment when others were in distress and their lives were seriously threatened. Their heroic feat of being brave and giving oneself up to save others is worth learning. This is the "positive energy of Jingyan" and the pride of Jingyan people. The county education system and the Communist Youth League Committee should call on the majority of young people to learn from Zhu Liyan and Dan Yuting.

　　Qi Gongjun Yu Wei Chengdu Business Daily reporter Gu Aigang’s photo report

Special feature of 1905 film network　In the 16th week of 2022 (from April 18th to April 24th), the box office in China mainland closed at 83,292,900. Monolithic, and the competition is quite fierce. Last week, the two box offices closed at 18,048,100 and 17,605,200 respectively, ranking first and second in the weekly list. In addition, the new film "Explosive Shell" broke into the top three in the weekly list with a box office score of 8.2612 million, ranking third.

　

Edge walker won the first place in the week, and the new film "explosive shell" broke into the top three.

　

In April, the film market was mostly supported by "foreign films", and it was not until the release of "Edge Walker" that domestic films once again attracted the attention of fans. "Edge Walker" is a collection of "familiar faces", which has been screened since the Qingming file and fermented by word of mouth. Even though the film has a general reputation, it can’t stop the lack of new films in the film market, and the feelings of Hong Kong films are still useful to the audience. The Marginalist performed well last week, with a weekly box office of 18.0481 million, winning the weekly list for the first time.

　

Thanks to the pursuit of a group of "magic fans", "Fantastic Animals: The Mystery of Dumbledore" shows strong long-term combat capability. The film was released for more than half a month. Last week, the box office recorded 17,605,200 yuan, which is not much different from "Marginalist". However, this slight gap also made "Fantastic Animals: The Mystery of Dumbledore" give way to the "Zhou Guanbao Block" which occupied two weeks, and the weekly ranking dropped one place from last week to the second place.

　

"Bomb Shell" masterpiece "Desperado Ambulance" is one of the new films opened last week, which has attracted much attention. The film is a remake of a Danish work of the same name in 2005. There are many thrilling "high-burning" pictures in the film, which is a typical Hollywood popcorn movie. But "Bomb Shell" didn’t play well this time. The freshness of rotten tomatoes in the film was only 69%, and the score of douban was even lower than the passing line, and the box office in mainland China was less than 10 million in the first weekend. Even if it barely broke into the top three in the weekly list, there is still a big gap with the champion and runner-up.

　

In addition, the 4th-6th places in the weekly list are all imported movies that appeared in April — — (7.396 million) (6.8216 million) (4.7162 million).

　

Week 17: May 1st gear is approaching. Become the number one seed

　

It is less than a week away from the May Day holiday in 2022. As of press time, six films originally scheduled to be released on May 1st have been withdrawn, but this does not mean that fans will become "no films to watch".

　

I really hate long-distance relationships, which was scheduled to be released on April 29th, was recently announced to start painting on April 30th, and it was decided to start screening during the May 1st period. Together with the three re-released films represented by As long as you live better than me, this May 1st period can be described as a hundred flowers blooming, which is destined to bring a new visual feast to the audience.

　

According to the data of Cat’s Eye Professional Edition, "I Really Hate Long-distance Relationships" has more than 290,000 people who want to see it, which is the one with the highest expectation of the audience in May 1st. The film, starring, tells the story of Zhao Yiyi (Ren Min) confessing to Xu Jiashu (Xin Yunlai) who has been secretly in love for many years, but by mistake, she starts a long-distance relationship. We may wish to wait and see whether the new love film Light can replicate the miracle of the same period last year!

　　[PConline evaluation]AMD graphics cards have become the Red Legion, and the manufacturers in the A-card camp also like the passionate red style, especially Dylan, whose series of fiery AMD graphics cards have left a deep impression on players. Unconsciously, Dylan Company has been established for 18 years, and Chinese attaches great importance to such an important day as 18 years old. Therefore, Dylan Company launched an 18th anniversary version of RX 580 8G X series graphics card this year, with a white appearance and a design style quite different from the usual Dylan A card.

　　Why did Dylan introduce a graphics card model different from previous products? This has to start from history — — In 1999, Dylan Hengjin Company was established in Beijing, which was the first company to sell ATI/AMD graphics cards in mainland China and the first brand in mainland China to be awarded the best partner of ATI. In 2012, the brand was officially changed from Dylan Hengjin to Dylan, so now Dylan is not just an abbreviation for everyone to save trouble. The official name is Dylan.

Click Open to View the Development History of Dylan Graphics Card.

　　Tracing back to the history of Dylan’s constant progress, what we mean by Dylan is Beijing Dylan Technology. It has been 18 years since its establishment in 1999, which is why Dylan made this graphics card an 18th anniversary edition.

　　In the past 18 years, Dylan Company started with Rage 128 graphics card, and then launched Radi Ji Killer, Cool Energy and Devil /Devil series after changing Dylan’s brand. From last year’s Radeon RX 400 series, it launched a brand-new X-Series graphics card, which has now become Dylan’s key product line, and two series of X Ares and X Warrior have been derived. The commemorative version selected this time is Radeon RX 580 8G X series.

　　In Dylan’s graphics card product line, it used to be black+red, but this commemorative RX 580 8G X graphics card is pure white, with a white radiator, a white backplane and a white PCB. The shape is the same as the previous X-God of War series, that is, the color has completely turned white (the X-shaped logo is dotted with silver gray). Many players may think of a manufacturer in the N card camp who has also made pure white graphics cards, including albino PCB. Which of these two white graphics cards do you think is better?

　　The packaging of graphics cards has also changed. The overall color is white, and the waist is red. The above is the evolution history of Dylan graphics cards, which records the development highlights of Dylan graphics cards in various periods in detail, including the advent of X series graphics cards.

The girdle records the development history of Dylan graphics card.

The 18th anniversary edition is highlighted in the key position.

There is also an X series logo on the manual, which is also white.

Graphic card front

　　The graphics card interfaces are three DP 1.2, one HDMI and one DVI, which are also standard for AMD high-end graphics cards, and support up to 4K resolution.

　　Dylan RX 580 8G X graphics card uses an 8pin power supply interface, and there is an LED light at the top of the radiator, which will emit red LED light when working.

　　The back of the graphics card is a metal back plate, which is also white. The back plate of Dylan RX 580 8G X commemorative graphics card has a good texture, similar to the effect of glass sandblasting, giving people a pure and flawless feeling.

　　After removing the radiator, you can see that the PCB is completely bleached.

　　This graphics card still uses Dylan’s X God of War radiator, double fan and four heat pipes design, and the heat sink and heat pipe are all nickel-plated to improve the oxidation resistance.

　　In the power supply part, Dylan RX 580 8GB X commemorative graphics card is equipped with 6+1 phase power supply, and the video memory is powered by 1 phase alone. The GPU core is 6 phases, using solid-state capacitors, R22 inductors and 1 upper MOSFET and 2 lower MOSFET. Among them, there are 2 Anson 4C03N and 1 4C08N, which are packaged in SO-8. The maximum current can reach 52A and 136A, and the ESR equivalent resistance is 2.1 milliohms. The electrical performance is very good.

　　The master control of core power supply is IR3567B, which is a dual-channel 6+2-phase power supply master control, and supports AMD SVI1/SVI2 power supply specification, which is very common from AMD public version to manufacturer’s non-public version graphics card.

Independent 1-phase power supply for video memory

　　Dylan RX 580 8G X commemorative graphics card uses SK Hynix’s GDDR5 memory particles, with a single capacity of 1GB, a total of 8GB and a bit width of 256bit.

Comparison of graphics card specifications of Dylan RX 580 8G X series 18th anniversary edition

　　规格说明：迪兰RX 580 8G X纪念版显卡虽然外观跟标准版RX 580 X战神完全不同，不过核心频率没什么变化，还是1340-1380MHz，显存频率8000MHz，使用8pn供电接口。

　　testPlatform description:The test platform is the mainstream consumer platform Z270+i7 7700K, and four graphics cards are selected for comparative test in this test. (In order to optimize the reading experience, the 18th anniversary edition of Dylan RX580 8G X Series in the table below is referred to as Dylan Rx580 for short. )

　　In the theoretical test part of 3DMark, in addition to the commonly used FireStrike Ultra&Extreme test, the DirectX 12 benchmark test Time Spy newly launched by 3DMark is added, so as to bring you a more comprehensive reference.

　　Summary of theoretical test:In terms of theoretical performance test, Dylan RX 580 8G X commemorative graphics card scored 6209 and 3279 points at 2K and 4K resolutions respectively, which was significantly higher than the previous generation RX 480 graphics card and slightly superior to the public GTX 1060 graphics card.

　　The future will undoubtedly be the world of DX12. In this test, we have selected four representative DX12 game masterpieces, including Tomb Raider 10, Singular Ash, deus ex: Human Broken and the latest Ghost Action: Wilderness, which are native to DX12.

　　测试小结：从测试结果来看迪兰RX 580 8G X纪念版显卡在1080p分辨率下可以保证4款DX12大作中最高画质下的流畅运行，游戏性能比GTX 1060显卡更有优势。

　　我们将采用三种应用场景来对平台功耗进行测量，分别是3DMark压力测试拷机、游戏拷机以及待机状态下。

　　功耗测试小结：由于性能提升，迪兰RX 580 8G X纪念版显卡的功耗也不免有所增加，待机64W还好，不过游戏中的功耗达到了308W，在能效这一点上要比GTX 1060显卡吃亏一些。

　　为了测试迪兰RX 580显卡的极限温度，我们采用了3DMark压力测试来测试。

　　测试小结：3DMark拷机测试中迪兰RX 580 8G X纪念版显卡的最高温度达到了86°C，这个温度还是挺高的，迪兰这卡的温度还有调整的空间。

　　这里我们噪音仪测试显卡运行3DMark压力测试满载时的风扇噪音。

　　测试小结：噪音控制也不错，拷机时风扇噪音为66.5分贝，记录的风扇转速在2000RPM左右，能够听到明显的风扇声，还好不算很吵，只是对静音要求较高的玩家可能不会满意，玩家可以考虑自己设置风扇控制策略，进一步降低噪音。

About noise:
　　0-20 decibels: very quiet, almost imperceptible; 20-40 decibels: quiet, like whispering; 40-60 decibels: general indoor conversation; 60-70 decibels: noisy: harmful to nerves; 70-90 dB: It is noisy and nerve cells are destroyed. 90-100 decibels: increased noise and hearing loss; 100-120 decibels: unbearable, temporarily deaf after staying for one minute. Above 120 decibels: extremely deaf or totally deaf; About 300 dB or above: 20km of people in Fiona Fang are irreparably deaf.

　　Ladder diagram description:Based on the above test results, Dylan RX 580 8G X series 18th anniversary graphics card is located above RX 480 and at the same level as other RX 580/R9 Fury graphics cards.

　　RX 580 graphics card was released in the first half of this year, and the manufacturer’s non-public version has almost been released. Dylan Rx5808Xseries 18th anniversary graphics card is improved based on Dylan Rx5808Xares graphics card, mainly to commemorate the 18th anniversary of Dylan Technology Company, which also means that they have been working in the mainland market for 18 years. The launch of this commemorative version will give Dylan fans a chance to collect different products. After all, the graphics cards with pure white appearance and PCB are still rare.

　　There is nothing to say about the performance of Dylan RX 580 8G X series 18th anniversary graphics card. Compared with the previous generation RX 480, it has made obvious progress, and it is no problem to cope with the DX12 game masterpiece with 1080p resolution. However, the temperature and noise performance of Dylan’s graphics card are average, some of which are regrettable, and it is not suitable for players with high requirements on temperature and noise.

　　The standard version of RX 580 8G X Ares graphics card is priced at 2149 yuan, while the white version of Dylan RX 580 8G X series 18th anniversary graphics card is priced at 2249 yuan, which is only expensive in 100 yuan. Considering the cost increase brought by white radiator, PCB and backplane, Dylan is sincere in pricing this commemorative graphics card, and players don’t need to pay too high a price for their beliefs, so Dylan fans can really consider this commemorative graphics card.

　

　　The Yellow River, flowing from the snow and ice in bayan har, gathers thousands of streams and rivers, crossing nine provinces and regions to nourish Chinese civilization. Under the guidance of the concept of "jointly protecting and promoting great governance", a new generation of Yellow River "water conservancy people" have made unremitting efforts to restore ecology, improve water quality and use water rationally. A picture of harmonious coexistence between man and nature is slowly unfolding along the Yellow River.

　　Water Ecology: Respect for Nature and Harmonious Symbiosis

　　In early autumn, standing in the Star Sea in maduo county, Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province, countless lakes are like stars sprinkled into the earth.

　　Early in the morning, Tongde, an ecological manager in Gadan Village, Machali Town, maduo county, took the reporter on the road to patrol the Star Sea. His family lived by grazing for generations and witnessed the change of grassland ecology. More than 20 years ago, due to long-term overgrazing, Maduo became devastated from a land rich in water and grass, and the income of herders decreased.

　　In recent years, maduo county has implemented the policy of "fixing livestock by grass", scientifically and rationally utilized grasslands, and explored the development path of modern ecological grassland animal husbandry. Like many herders, Tongde put down his whip, and now his job is to pick up garbage, patrol lakes and grasslands and protect wild animals.

　　On October 20, 2021, in Lena Village, Zhalinghu Township, maduo county, Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province, the ecological manager of the Yellow River Source Park of Sanjiangyuan National Park picked up garbage by Zhalinghu Lake. Xinhua News Agency reporter Zhang Long photo

　　The Yellow River descends from Maduo on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and meets Fenhe on the Loess Plateau.

　　Wanrong section of Fenhe River in Shanxi Province is the last pass where Fenhe River flows into the Yellow River. "People often say that the Yellow River is only 48 poles wide, and both sides can hear it." Pan Xinjie, former director of the office of Wanrong Yellow River Affairs Bureau, said that it is said that Xuanyuan Huangdi once swept the floor on the bank of the Yellow River as an altar to worship the afterlife. Today, the site of the sweeping altar is located in the Houtu Temple. Historically, the Houtu Temple has been destroyed by floods three times and moved twice.

　　This is a photo taken in Wanrong County, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province overlooking the Yellow River and Fenhe River. (UAV shooting) (Photo courtesy of the interviewee)

　　Fenhe River is the second largest tributary of the Yellow River, which has an important impact on the ecological security of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. Nowadays, walking in the Wanrong section of Fenhe River, we can see that there are holes in the coastal slopes, and the holes are full of Amorpha fruticosa.

　　"More than 4 million such holes have been pierced on the left bank of the Fenhe River in Wanrong." Xie Xiaobin, a staff member of Wanrong County Water Conservancy Bureau, said that Amorpha fruticosa has the functions of protecting dike sand, preventing wind and fixing sand, and is a "living steel bar" for dam protection. More than 4 million Amorpha fruticosa roots on the shore to build a beautiful ecological barrier for the Wanrong section of Fenhe River.

　　The Yellow River falls to the East China Sea, and Wan Li writes in his mind.

　　From the mouth of the Yellow River in Dongying, Shandong Province, all the way upstream, Liang Jinhui, a researcher of the ecological investigation project team of key rivers and lakes in Shandong Province, and his colleagues sampled along the Yellow River. Water, sediment and epiphytic algae of the Yellow River … … Samples were carefully collected into the container.

　　Liang Jinhui introduced that after the later detection and analysis of the samples, the sampling at 40 points on the bank of the Yellow River will generate a "physical examination report" containing 85 indicators, providing first-hand information for dynamically recording the alternation and evolution of aquatic organisms in the Yellow River.

　　In the game of ecological protection, the ecological environment in the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River has its own characteristics, and each can exert its ecological linkage control effect.

　　Water Environment: Long-term System Governance.

　　Shapotou district, zhongwei, Ningxia is the first stop for the Yellow River to enter Ningxia. In Fengzhuang Village, Rouyuan Town, shapotou district, there are many houses, the streets are clean and tidy, and a small river at the entrance of the village flows quietly under the bridge. "This river is the fourth drainage ditch. In the past, garbage and weeds were piled up along the ditch all the year round, and sewage was discharged directly into the ditch, which smelled bad in summer." Mai Xueping, a village cadre in feng village, said.

　　In recent years, Ningxia has strengthened the protection of water ecological environment, and implemented projects such as desilting and dredging of key drainage ditches into the Yellow River and construction of constructed wetlands.

　　The Yellow River, which flows through Qingtongxia City, Ningxia, nourishes rice and various vegetation on the shore (photo of drone, taken on May 25th). Xinhua News Agency reporter Feng Kaihua photo

　　In order to ensure that the water quality will not be polluted after the water system is connected, five video monitoring points, five automatic water monitoring points and five water quality monitoring points have been set up in shapotou district, and a special App has been developed to monitor the changes of water quantity and water quality online in real time.

　　Water environment control is not limited to rural non-point source pollution. In recent years, urban pollution control has also achieved remarkable results.

　　In the evening, Nanchuan River in Xining City, Qinghai Province is sparkling under the setting sun. In the urban greenway along the Nanchuan River, Jiang Xiaoyun, the river head of Xinqing Community in Nantan Sub-district Office, Chengzhong District, Xining City, opened the "Smart Water Conservancy Cloud" App and clicked "River Patrol" to start the 1.83km river patrol from Hongshui Bridge to Kunlun Bridge. "Only when I see that there is no garbage on the river and the water conservancy facilities are operating normally will my heart be practical." Jiang Xiaoyu said.

　　On June 3, along the Nanchuan River in Xining City, Jiang Xiaoyun, the community river chief, was patrolling the river. Xinhua News Agency reporter Li Ning photo

　　The Nanchuan River, now known as the "city living room", was once plagued by water pollution, silt at the bottom of the river and the wild growth of aquatic plants.

　　The problem is in the water, and the root is on the shore. In recent years, Xining City has improved the water quality through measures such as renovation of municipal pipe network along the river, sewage collection and treatment, improvement of river bottom, microbial purification, aquatic plant configuration, etc., and upgraded the coastal ecological environment through measures such as shoreline renovation, facility repair and beautification, and wetland ecological restoration, and the beautiful scenery of harmonious coexistence of people, birds and fish reappeared.

　　In recent years, under the guidance of the major national strategy of ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin, a series of "combination boxing" have been launched along the Yellow River. The water quality of the Yellow River basin is improving year by year, and the main stream of the Yellow River will reach Grade II water quality for the first time in 2022.

　　Water resources: water saving and water diversion.

　　Autumn is crisp. In the Qianjin Farm of Ningxia Agricultural Reclamation, tens of thousands of acres of farmland are dressed in green, showing a different "face value". After the high standard transformation of farmland and the application of intelligent irrigation technology, more than half of the water can be saved per mu here. On the exclusive trading platform, 6 million cubic meters of water saved by the farm was purchased by two water-deficient enterprises to ensure production.

　　The Yellow River water is like soup and steamed buns to Xia Chuan.

　　Ningxia, which is located in the northwest and is dry and rainy, relies heavily on the Yellow River for its development. In the past, it faced the dilemma of long-term water shortage and flood irrigation.

　　The utilization of water resources in Ningxia is the epitome of the Yellow River Basin, which accounts for 2% of the country’s river runoff and supports the water demand of 12% of the country’s population and 17% of its cultivated land. On the basis of a series of water right and water price reforms in recent years, since 2021, Ningxia has taken the lead in exploring the reform of water right in the provinces along the Yellow River and Nine Provinces.

　　Water use warrants for some villages in Gaozha Town, Litong District, Wuzhong City, Ningxia (photo taken on May 24). Xinhua News Agency reporter Feng Kaihua photo

　　"The confirmation of water rights is based on the red line of total amount and efficiency, which forces water users to recognize the upper limit of water use, so that suitable water planting and water production are gradually rooted in the hearts of the people." Bao Lumin, head of the special class of water right reform in Ningxia Water Resources Department, said.

　　Nowadays, water, as an asset, shows great value on the trading platform. Industrial enterprises and water users purchase water rights from the exclusive water market for new projects and expansion of scale.

　　In the past summer, the work of water and sediment regulation in the Yellow River Delta has come to an end, but the story of water, sand and people continues.

　　For the Yellow River Delta, water shortage is a big problem. In the past, the wetland water supply in the Yellow River Delta could only be realized by self-flowing water diversion during the water and sediment regulation period of the Yellow River.

　　"Every year from June 19 to July 10, there is only about 20 days." Liujing, deputy director of the Shandong Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve Management Committee, said, "But according to years of observation, we found that the whole wetland is not the most in need of water at this stage. For example, in the spring when animals and plants grow most vigorously, the demand for water in wetlands is very strong. However, during this period, the flow of the Yellow River is small, and it is impossible to replenish water by self-flow diversion. "

　　This is the scenery of Shandong Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve (drone photo) taken on October 31, 2022. Xinhua News Agency reporter Guo Xulei photo

　　In August last year, six sluice boats for diverting water from the Yellow River were completed in the nature reserve, and water was replenished as needed at any time according to the needs of animals and plants. The rolling Yellow River water infiltrated this vast land before it was injected into the Bohai Sea.

　　In recent years, the Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve has built a scientific ecological water supply system of "diversion, transportation, storage and discharge", and at the same time, it has made great efforts to build a "river — Lu — Beach — "Sea" connectivity system, connecting the water system for 115 kilometers, dredging tidal gullies for 76 kilometers, and restoring hydrological connectivity between the Yellow River and the ocean. The original bare land and saline-alkali beach have become large wetlands with abundant aquatic plants and rich biodiversity.

　　Rushing from the depths of history, the Yellow River has nurtured generations of Chinese people. River soup, don’t give up day and night Today, under the guidance of the supreme leader’s ecological civilization thought, people all over the Yellow River are constantly exploring ways to protect the water of the Yellow River and striving to promote the high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. (Reporter Shi Weiyan, Yuan Min, Zou Xinyuan, Li Ning, Chai Ting)

Helicobacterpylori (H.pylori) is a kind of bacteria.unique, canPersistent colonization in human gastric mucosaAnd bacteria that can cause stomach infections.

Helicobacter pylori isgram-negativeSpiral, micro-aerobic bacteria inhabit human gastric mucosa. More than half of the people in the world are infected with Helicobacter pylori, but many of them have no clinical symptoms. Helicobacter pylori and its prevalence rate are as high as 80% in some people.

It is speculated that Helicobacter pylori may be a part of human indigenous microbiota, and it has a very complicated relationship with human hosts.

This paper mainly discusses how Helicobacter pylori co-evolved with human beings, and the possible mechanism can explain the positive and negative correlation between Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of several diseases in population-based research, as well as the respective results of how inflammation and/or microbial changes are related.

one

Symptoms and complications of Helicobacter pylori

Most people infected with Helicobacter pylori have no obvious symptoms, but when symptoms appear, they are generally the following:

Nausea, stomach pain or heartburn, abdominal pain aggravated on an empty stomach.

What kind of situation is likely to be infected with this bacterium?

Helicobacter pylori may spread through contact with saliva, vomit or feces of infected people, and it can also be infected by eating contaminated food or water.

Most people infected with Helicobacter pylori are inChildhood infectionYes.

Some factors may increase the risk of infection with Helicobacter pylori:　　

For example, living in a crowded space, without clean water, and living with people with Helicobacter pylori.

When do you need to see a doctor?

When you feel unusual stomachache or discomfort, especially persistent or recurrent stomachache;

Dysphagia;

Bloody, black or tarry feces;

Vomiting is bloody or looks like coffee grounds;

…

In the above situation, it is best to see a doctor.

(If you take antibiotics at will, the effect is not good and it is likely to bring antibiotic resistance.)

How to diagnose helicobacter pylori?

At present, the most common and affordable method isBreath detectionIt takes only a few minutes from the analysis to the result, which is simple and accurate.

gastroscopyGastroscopy also includes detection of Helicobacter pylori, because active tissues in the stomach can be taken for pathological examination.

Antibody examinationThrough blood test, to determine whether you have been infected with Helicobacter pylori and are currently infected.

Does helicobacter pylori cause complications?

Include ulcers, gastritis and stomach cancer.

ulcer About 10% patients with Helicobacter pylori will develop gastric ulcer (pain). This happens when Helicobacter pylori destroys the mucosa that protects the inner walls of the stomach and small intestine, and gastric acid can penetrate into the lining and cause damage.

Helicobacter pylori can cause more than 90% intestinal ulcers and 80% gastric ulcers.

Ulcer itself can also lead to serious complications:

? Internal bleeding Gastric acid or ulcer seeping into blood vessels may lead to bleeding.

? block An ulcer will prevent food from leaving your stomach.

? perforate The ulcer may penetrate deep into the stomach or intestinal wall.

? peritonitis Peritoneal inflammation (peritoneum) may occur when an ulcer causes infection or inflammation.

gastritis Gastritis is inflammation of gastric mucosa. Helicobacter pylori is at increased risk of suffering from this disease.

If gastritis is not treated, it may lead to serious blood loss and may increase the risk of illness.gastric cancerThe risk. Gastric cancer is the second most common cause of death in the world.

In addition, Helicobacter pylori infection is also related to other diseases, such as ischemic heart disease, type 2, anemia, adverse metabolic characteristics of obese subjects and insulin resistance.

2

Helicobacter pylori and microflora

Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection will produce drastic changes in the gastric microenvironment, which will further affectGastric microfloraComposition, and may be related toChanges of intestinal microfloraRelated. May triggerIntestinal symbiotic homeostasisMajor changes, resulting in a new gastrointestinal balance.

At the same time, the therapeutic strategies used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori can regulate this physiological symbiosis, but it may also be the opposite, influenced by its characteristics.. Infection, diet, antibiotics and/or lifestyleWill interfere with this symbiotic relationship.

Interference of Helicobacter pylori infection on gastric microflora

Next-generation sequencing was used to study the human gastric microflora in gastric juice and biopsy samples. The results showed that there were many bacterial groups in the stomach, which mainly consisted of five phyla, includingActinomycetes, Bacteroides, Firmicutes, Clostridium and Proteus.. Helicobacter pylori infection has greatly changed the characteristics of gastric microflora.

A preliminary study reported that Helicobacter pylori colonization changed the gastric microflora,Reduce that diversity of microorganismsEradication of Helicobacter pylori can restore microbial diversity.

Helicobacter pylori can regulate gastric microenvironment by several mechanisms. By interfering with the expression of proton pump, Helicobacter pylori can regulate the acidity of gastric cavity, thus making the microenvironment compatible with microorganisms that usually cannot grow in the stomach.

Study on evaluating the effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on gastric microflora

Tao et al.,　Helicobacter, 2020

In addition, the altered immune response due to the presence of Helicobacter pylori may affect other microbial groups. Helicobacter pylori may also change the growth of other microbial groups by mobilizing antibacterial peptides or by nutritional competition. In general, researchers have shown that,The colonization of Helicobacter pylori is related to the significant decrease of α diversity.. There is an inverse relationship between microbial diversity and Helicobacter pylori abundance.

Effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on intestinal microflora

Compared with the negative control group of Helicobacter pylori, individuals with a large number of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach have different intestinal flora, which indicates that there is interaction between gastrointestinal segments.

Most studies show that there is a positive correlation between Helicobacter pylori infection and intestinal microbial diversity. Because high microbial diversity is usually related to overall good health, it will be interesting to explore whether the increase of intestinal microbial diversity after Helicobacter pylori infection has some beneficial effects on the host.

Study on the influence of Helicobacter pylori infection on intestinal microflora

Tao et al.,　Helicobacter, 2020

There are significant differences in microbial community structure between Helicobacter pylori infection group and negative control group.

The composition analysis at the door level found that among the infected individualsThe abundance of Proteus increased significantly.This may be due to the transfer of Helicobacter pylori from stomach to intestinal cavity. It is worth noting that Bacteroides and Firmicutes (B:F) are similar.ratioexistIt is higher in helicobacter pylori positive group.The changed B:F ratio is related to the clinic, because it is found that Firmicutes and Bacteroides are related to the lipid metabolism and energy balance of the host.

Compared with the uninfected group,There was no significant difference in the abundance of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Ackermann mucilaginosus.. Other researchers have found that people infected with Helicobacter pyloriThe abundance of lactobacillus is higher..

A study found that among patients infected with Helicobacter pylori, the intestinal microflora of patients with atrophic gastritisStreptococcus is more abundant.

Another study found that individuals infected with Helicobacter pylori showedDecrease of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producers (such as butyrate)SCFA has a beneficial metabolic effect on the host.

In addition, given the widespread expression of SCFAs receptors in immune cells, these metabolites are considered to play an important role in regulating intestinal homeostasis. Therefore,Inhibition of SCFAs output during Helicobacter pylori infection may be harmful to human health..

Functional analysis shows that the disease-related pathway is more active among people with negative helicobacter pylori. In contrast, many metabolic pathways are over-represented in infected patients. Therefore, in the microbial community,Functional changes may be site specific.Yes, because the changes observed in the intestine are different from those observed in the stomach.Different trends.

Effect of eradication therapy on gastric microflora

Tao et al.,　Helicobacter, 2020

Sufficient evidence shows that the diversity of gastric microorganisms increased significantly after the successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori, but it did not improve after the failure of treatment. The researchers think it may take some time to recover, because they think the diversity increases gradually from week 0 to week 6 and week 26.

In addition, studies have shown that after the successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori,α diversity can be completely restored to the level of uninfected control group.. On the contrary, although the community structure can be partially restored after the eradication of Helicobacter pylori, there is controversy about whether there is still a significant difference between the eradication group and the negative control group.

Some researchers found that after two months of treatment, the composition of gastric microbial community recovered to the level of uninfected children. However, other studies confirmed that adult samples still showed different microbial structure after six months of successful treatment, but the negative control group was different.

Different age groups included in the analysis may explain the opposite conclusion, because another study of recruiting children also found that the flora structure of eradication group was close to that of Helicobacter pylori negative group after 4 weeks of treatment.

Evaluation of changes of gastric microflora after eradication therapy

Tao et al.,　Helicobacter, 2020

Component analysis revealed that the relative abundance of Helicobacter pylori decreased significantly after treatment, while other major bacteria, includingActinobacillus, Bacteroides, Firmicutes and Fusobacterium increased..

At the generic level, after treatment,Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium(two recognized probiotics)The number has increased significantly..

The functional analysis of the two studies showed that after successful treatment,Protein and Up-regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism Pathway. Therefore, during the period of Helicobacter pylori infection, the nutritional and metabolic function of gastric microflora is damaged, and eradication treatment can partially recover. However, the predicted functional changes need further verification.

Changes of intestinal microflora after eradication treatment

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been proved to have a significant effect on intestinal microflora by reducing acidity. Therefore, the effect of anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy on intestinal microflora is the joint result of PPIs, antibiotics and bismuth. The general trend is that,α diversity decreased immediately after eradication and then recovered..

Tao et al.,　Helicobacter, 2020

Specifically, how long the recovery will take remains to be clarified. Most studies have collected information within 2 months of follow-up.Decreased α diversityHowever, there is no significant difference between the report and the baseline.

However, a research report, from week 0 to week 6 and week 26,Sobs indexandChao indexAre falling, not statistically significant. Notably, another study found that,Different treatment optionsThe effects on intestinal microflora may be different.

In clinical trials, there are three different treatment schemes, including triple therapy, combined therapy and bismuth quadruple therapy. The results show that,The α diversity of all groups decreased at the second week., but only acceptThe patients with triple therapy only have basic α diversity at the eighth week.However, the α diversity of the other two groups after treatment.Can’t recover in a year..

It is hoped that future research will verify whether eradication therapy will lead to the continuous disorder of intestinal flora and how different treatment schemes affect reversibility.

Study on the influence of eradication therapy on intestinal microflora

Tao et al.,　Helicobacter, 2020

　Probiotic supplementation can alleviate the diversity and structural disorder caused by antibiotics.　

Probiotics have been proved to stabilize the microbial population and improve gastrointestinal symptoms. At the door level,Treatment for 6 monthsAfter observingThe thick-walled flora increased and Bacteroides decreased., indicating that it is observed in individuals infected with Helicobacter pyloriHigh B:F ratio reversal. Nine similar results were reported in another study.

Clinical evidence supports that obesity is related to the decrease of B:F ratio. Therefore, the decrease of B:F ratio detected in these studies may beWeight gain after eradication treatmentProvides a possible explanation. However, some researchers explain that,After 18 months of eradication, the reduced B:F ratio can be reversed.. Interestingly, probiotic supplementation has been shown to be associated with a higher B:F ratio after eradication therapy. It is worth noting that the results of the report are inconsistent.

A study showed that the B:F ratio increased immediately after treatment and remained above the baseline level at the 13th week. The classification map of metagenome research shows that,The relative abundance of Bifidobacterium decreased after treatment.. However, another study showed that Bifidobacterium increased after 6 months of successful eradication.

Enriched in the intestinal microflora of Helicobacter pylori positive atrophic gastritisStreptococcus decreased significantly after eradication treatment..

Although the long-term changes of intestinal microflora are different in different studies, it seems to be consistent to eradicate the short-term disorder that causes intestinal homeostasis.

Effect of eradication therapy on antibiotic resistance of intestinal flora

With the wide application of eradication therapy, the emergence of antibiotic resistance has become an important problem in clinical practice.

After the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection, the increase of antibiotic resistance and the post-eradication treatmentLong-term security is an important issue..

Individualized treatment guided by drug sensitivity test can provide reliable and excellent eradication rate in first-line treatment, but it is expensive and not widely available. According to the antibiotic resistance in local areas,Empirical therapy for specific populationIt may be an alternative strategy.

three

Host and environmental determinants of helicobacter pylori-related diseases

Has been shown to change the risk of helicobacter pylori-related diseasesHost factorIncluding the hostageThe duration between the acquisition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter pylori infection, but more importantly, the host.Immune mediator(polymorphism) andAcid secretion state.　

In addition to host factors,Smoking and dietEnvironmental factors will also affect the niche of Helicobacter pylori colonization, so it may affect the disease risk.

Karin et al.,　FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2006　

　Age　

existAt a young ageInfection with Helicobacter pylori increases the risk of gastric ulcer and gastric cancer. The development of gastric ulcer and gastric cancer requires long-term infection of Helicobacter pylori, so it is speculated that these diseases are more common in patients with chronic infection of Helicobacter pylori.

In addition, this association is considered to be caused byDifference of host immune response in different age groupsDecided by.

inflammatory mediator

After being infected with Helicobacter pylori, the host gastric epithelial cells release cytokine IL-8. This cytokine is involved in the recruitment of macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, B cells and T cells to the inflammatory site. These cells further enhance the immune response by secreting other inflammatory mediators, such as interferon-G, tumor necrosis factor-A and interleukin-1B.

Schematic diagram of pathogenesis related to Helicobacter pylori

Karin et al.,　FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2006　

A) In human stomach, Helicobacter pylori mainly colonizes the antrum lacking gastric acid secretion wall cells;

B) In gastric pits, Helicobacter pylori proliferates especially near the tight junction of epithelial cells;

C) Helicobacter pylori plays an important role in colonization, persistence and disease development.

The immune response to Helicobacter pylori is further manifested in activated human neutrophils.Oxidation explosion. This outbreak will lead to the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is a low molecular weight metabolite that can destroy important biological components including nucleic acids. ROS mayDamage genes that control cell growth; And stimulate the development of cancer. Therefore, the existence of immune mediators will lead to gastric epithelialImpaired integrity. This kind of injury is the cause of most pathology related to Helicobacter pylori infection, rather than direct Helicobacter pylori activity.

Immune cells existing during Helicobacter pylori infection are mainlyProinflammatory cellInstead of anti-inflammatory cells. Pro-inflammatory mediators are secreted by helper T cells 1(Th1). Primitive T cells are driven by many factors to differentiate into Th1 cells, such as TNF-a and IL-12.

Stimulated by Helicobacter pylori, monocytes produce a large amount of cytokine IL-12. Therefore,By stimulating the release of IL-12, Helicobacter pylori enhances the pro-inflammatory response.. This leads to more damage to the gastric epithelium, which is easy to develop gastric atrophy.

Some host genes encoding immunoregulatory factors contain polymorphic regions. These genesPolymorphism will change their transcription, thus affecting the inflammatory process. Therefore, the risk of Helicobacter pylori-related diseases may change. So far,Polymorphism of IL-1b, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-10 and TNF-a genesHas been proven to be related to the remote endGastric cancer is significantly related..

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) helps to eliminate pathogens by presenting peptide fragments derived from pathogens to appropriate T cells. HLA gene is highly polymorphic, and someHLA alleles are related to the occurrence of gastric adenocarcinoma..Helicobacter pylori infection is also related to the occurrence of gastric adenocarcinomaBut its existence has nothing to do with the existence of these HLA alleles. Therefore, the importance of HLA alleles in Helicobacter pylori-mediated adenocarcinoma is still controversial.

Therefore, genetically predeterminedDominant pro-inflammatory Th1 response is associated with Helicobacter pylori disease..

On the other hand, the intensity of Th1 response may be limited by the production of anti-inflammatory Th2 cytokine IL-10, thusProlonging infection time. Th2 type reaction is caused by parasites. Therefore, the inflammatory reaction and pathological changes of people infected with Helicobacter pylori gradually weaken. This may lead to these individualsTime delay of progression from chronic gastritis to gastric cancer. In addition, different pro-inflammatory reactions may directly lead to different pathways of Helicobacter pylori-related pathology.

Gastric acid secretion

Th1 reaction mentioned above causes gastric parietal cells to inhibit their acid secretion. The environment with low acidity may promote the spread and persistence of Helicobacter pylori. In addition, whenGastric acid level is low.Microorganisms other than helicobacter pylori may grow in the human stomach, thusEnhance local inflammatory response.Pro-inflammatory cytokineandDecreased gastric acid secretionJoint action ofincreaseThe patients suffering from peptic ulcer and gastric cancerrisk.

On the other hand, when the secretion of acid decreases, duodenal ulcer is unlikely to occur. When the secretion of acid is enhanced, the risk of duodenal ulcer increases. However, it is alsoLow acidityUnder the conditions,The risk of duodenal ulcer may increase after Helicobacter pylori infection..

Gastric parietal cells control itAcid-producing abilityIt is important in the development of helicobacter pylori-related diseases. Helicobacter pylori infection mainly occurs in human stomach.Weakly acidic parts, such as the gastric antrum. Therefore, the host with high gastric acid secretion has a high density of Helicobacter pylori in the gastric antrum, and it mainly develops intoGastric antral gastritis. Subsequently, the intact parietal cells in the stomach are stimulated to secrete acid, thus inducing gastric metaplasia of the duodenum. Helicobacter pylori colonizes this gastric metaplasia, which may lead to duodenal ulcer.

On the other hand, the host with low gastric acid secretion is not only susceptible to Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric antrum, but also susceptible to Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric body. The infected Helicobacter pylori can further inhibit the acid secretion of gastric parietal cells. This can stimulate the continuous proliferation of gastric epithelial cells, leading toProgressive loss of gastric glands, eventually leading to gastric atrophy and cancer.

Environmental determinants

smoke

Some environmental factors are related to the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori. Smoking is the main factor in the development of gastric cancer. Tobacco smoke contains carcinogenic nitrosamines, which leads to the development of cancer.

High salt diet

Some dietary factors are related to helicobacter pylori disease. High-salt diet is associated with the increased rate of Helicobacter pylori colonization, gastritis and gastric cancer risk. High salt concentration leads to atrophy of parietal cells and destruction of mucosal barrier. However, only long-term high salt intake will increase the risk of Helicobacter pylori-related diseases.

High rice intake

There is a positive correlation between high rice intake and gastric cancer. Rice contains carbohydrates, which may irritate the gastric mucosa.

Low intake of fruits and vegetables

Low intake of fruits and vegetables may increase the risk of gastric cancer. Fruits and vegetables contain antioxidants vitamin C and beta-carotene, which can prevent cancer by neutralizing active oxygen.

Therefore, although several environmental factors are considered to be related to the occurrence of Helicobacter pylori-related diseases, their roles are often controversial. It is speculated that different environmental factors and the complex interaction between host and bacterial factors hinder the interpretation of the research results.

four

Bacterial determinants of helicobacter pylori infection　 　

The overall influence of Helicobacter pylori factors in the development of diseases is complicated. Up to now, several specific proteins of Helicobacter pylori related diseases have been described. These protein are believed to be the reason for the persistence of Helicobacter pylori. As a side effect, these Helicobacter pylori proteins induce and change the inflammatory process and damage the gastric epithelium, thus determining the outcome of Helicobacter pylori infection.

　CagA　

Compared with patients infected with cagA-negative Helicobacter pylori isolates, the colonization of Helicobacter pylori isolates carrying cytotoxin related gene A(cagA) is similar to that of patients infected with CagA-negative Helicobacter pylori isolates.The risk of severe gastritis, peptic ulcer and distal gastric adenocarcinoma is increased.Related.

The presence or absence of cagA gene of Helicobacter pylori is often used as a marker for the presence or absence of PAI in Helicobacter pylori. Cag PAI consists of about 30 genes and accounts for 50%-70% of all Helicobacter pylori isolates. The recombination between two 31 bp repeats flanking cag PAI may lead to the deletion or acquisition of the whole cag region.　　

The 18 genes on cag PAI are very important to the development of CAG PaiIt is very important to produce type IV secretion system.. Type IV secretion system transports proteins (related to virulence) in bacterial cells to the cytosol of host cells. This usually leads toInitiation of cascade reaction of epithelial cell reactionFor example, changes in cytoskeleton and secretion of cytokine IL-8.

In Helicobacter pylori, the components of type IV secretion system transport CagA protein to gastric epithelial cells. Subsequently, CagA protein was phosphorylated. Then, this phosphorylated CagA interacts with the host phosphatase SHP-2, causing the rearrangement of cytoskeleton. This leads to morphological changes of host cells, also known as "hummingbird" phenotype. PhenotypicCharacterized by cell diffusionProlonged growth of epithelial cells and the existence of platelet lipoprotein and filamentous pseudopodia.　

As a counteracting event, phosphorylated CagA interacts with host Src kinase, thus weakening the signal transduction of host SHP-2 phosphatase. This process reduces the rearrangement of cytoskeleton andPrevents further phosphorylation of CagA..

Recently, it has been proved that Helicobacter pylori strains induce a high level of CagA phosphorylation in vivo. Epithelial cells induce more cytoskeleton changes, which are more likely to be related to gastric cancer.Difference of phosphorylation level of CagAIt is composed of tyrosine phosphorylation motifs (TPM) in 30 regions of cagA gene.Difference in quantityCaused.　

Helicobacter pylori population needs minimal immune recognition. Therefore, in the shrinking niche, theseThe subclones with reduced TPM number induced a weak host immune response..　

On the other hand, higher levels of CagA phosphorylation can cause stronginflammatory reaction. This kind of inflammation will lead to atrophy and may play a role in niche acid stress that limits high acid output.

Through observation, it was found that Helicobacter pylori strains lacking cagA gene were isolated from patients with peptic ulcer or gastric cancer, although their frequency was lower than that of cagA-positive Helicobacter pylori strains.

The association between cagA and Helicobacter pylori-related diseases is different in different geographical areas. This variation may be related to the difference of CagA expression.　　

However, CagA is not unique. Helicobacter pylori protein is responsible for barrier dysfunction, and this process is not lost with the clearance of CagA. VacA protein discussed in the next section is also important.

　VacA　

It is initially shown that eukaryotic cells undergo vacuolation and continuous degeneration in an in vitro test system with Helicobacter pylori. It turned out that this phenomenon was caused byHelicobacter pylori toxinInduced, now known as vacuolar cytotoxin A(VacA).　

VacA or CagA alone cannot be used as a determinant of clinical outcome.

　How does VacA function and lead to cell death?

Helicobacter pylori VacA is a highly immunogenic 95-kDa protein. VacA binds to the apical part of epithelial cells to form anion selective pores.

Through these holes,Bicarbonate, chloride and ureaReleased from the cytoplasm, VacA is then endocytosed into the late endosomal compartments and changes the permeability of these compartments.

In the presence of weak alkali (such as ammonia), this will lead to the influx of water, which will lead to vesicle swelling and vacuole formation. intra-cellularInjury of endocytosis pathwayEventually lead tocell death.

This leads to the decrease of epithelial cell resistance, so low molecular weight molecules such as Fe3+ and Ni2+ can easily pass through the epithelial cell layer.Fe3+ and Ni2+ molecules are the key factors of Helicobacter pylori growth and urease activity, respectively..　

Therefore, it is speculated that Helicobacter pylori can obtain these key factors more easily by degrading the epithelial cell barrier.

Helicobacter pylori VacA alsoRelated to the degradation of parietal cellsThis leads to a decrease in acid secretion, making it easier for the host.Suffer from stomach cancer. Difference of VacA expression level during persistent infectionLead to toxicity change. Therefore,The growth and decline of ulcer can be explained by the change of VacA expression with time..

The transcription of vacA gene was induced near gastric epithelial cells in vitro. This discovery confirms the importance of interaction between VacA and host cells. In addition, VacA canEscape adaptive immune response, thusEnhance the persistence of helicobacter pylori in gastric mucus layer.　

　Helicobacter pylori outer membrane protein (HOPs)

Among gram-negative bacteria,The outer membrane mediates the interaction with its surroundings.. During infection, it is assumed that the protein existing on the outer membrane of Helicobacter pylori is changed, so that the recognition function of the host immune system is minimized.

Helicobacter pylori isolates contain about 30 different outer membrane proteins (Hops). Several of them are adhesins. In gram-negative bacteria, adhesin most often forms the structure of polymeric fimbriae. However, in Helicobacter pylori, theseAdhesion has adapted to the gastric environment., in whichAcidic conditionIt may make this polymer fimbriae structuredepolymerization.　

Fucoid glycosylatedglycoproteinAnd sialylatedglycolipidHave been proved to be helicobacter pylori in gastric epithelium.Binding site.

Adhesion to host cells can protectHelicobacter pylori is protected from peristalsis and mucosal shedding..　

In addition, it is speculated that adhesion can make Helicobacter pylori better obtain nutrients released from gastric epithelium, and it is moreEffectively deliver bacterial toxins to host cells..　

On the other hand, at the site of severe inflammation,Loss of adhesion characteristicsIt may make helicobacter pyloriEscape the killing of host immune cells.So far, some hops are related to the development of diseases.

Helicobacter pylori BabA (HopS) mediates the adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to human Leb blood group antigens, which exist in gastric epithelial cells. BabA adhesion promotes the colonization of Helicobacter pylori and increases the secretion of IL-8 by epithelial cells, resulting inIncreased mucosal inflammation.

Both mechanisms of BabA regulation are helpful to promote the dynamic response of chronic infection.

During chronic inflammation, all types of Leb binding can be obtained in all blood groups by choosing to increase or decrease the adhesion period.

The glycosylation pattern of host mucosa leads to the evolution of BabA, which adapts Helicobacter pylori strains to their individual hosts, whichHelps avoid host reactions.And cause helicobacter pylori infection worldwide.Abnormal long-term.

Virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori plasticity region

The comparison of the genome sequences of two isolated strains showed that about 6%-7% of Helicobacter pylori genes in one strain did not exist in the other strain, and vice versa.

About half of the strain-specific genes exist in hypervariable regions; Plastic zone. Genes located in this plastic region usuallyAssociated with increased virulence.　

In helicobacter pylori, the plastic region doesencodeRelated to type IV secretion.Vir ATPase. In Helicobacter pylori, this secretion system is important in, for example, secreting CagA cytotoxin. So far, some helicobacter pylori located in the plastic zonegeneAnd helicobacter pyloriRelated diseasesRelated.

Helicobacter pylori Jhp0947 and Jhp0949 are related to duodenal ulcer disease. These two genes are located in the plastic region of Helicobacter pylori strain J99, which is mediated by Helicobacter pylori.IL-12 releaseIt’s very important.

Extracted from monocytes in an in vitro test system. Cytokine IL-12 is essential to bias the immune response to pro-inflammatory Th1 response, and it is closely related to the formation of duodenal ulcer.

byjhp0947andjhp0949The function of the coded protein is unknown. However, it has been assumed that these proteins induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12 through interaction with monocytes.

The level of IL-12 increased.Will lead to the differentiation of naive T cells into activated Th1 cells, which will lead toIncreased inflammatory response and increased tissue damage..

HpJhp0950, which encodes a protein with unknown function, is also a part of J99 plasticity region. The existence of this gene is related to cagA, cagE, vacA s1m1, babA2, hopQ T1 and oipA.

Jhp0950 is adjacent to Jhp0949 in the genome of Helicobacter pylori J99. Unlike Jhp0949, Jhp0950 is not associated with an increased risk of duodenal ulcer. However, its association with disease supportsHelicobacter pylori gene located in plastic region may be related to toxicity.The point of view.

Other virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori

In the United States and the Netherlands, helicobacter pylori iceA1 gene (one of the two allelic variants of iceA gene) is infected by helicobacter pylori.peptic ulcerIn patients with helicobacter pylori infection.Gastritis patientIt is more common.　

Similar to many other virulence-related genes, the relationship between IceA expression and Helicobacter pylori-related diseases is as followsGroup dependenceYes.

In Southeast Asia, there is no correlation between iceA1 and Helicobacter pylori-related diseases. Interestingly, the Helicobacter pylori isolated from South Africa which was positive for iceA1 was infected by Helicobacter pylori.gastric cancerAmong patientsThan only inHelicobacter pylori infectedIt is more common in patients with gastritis.

Note: Helicobacter pylori iceA1 was originally identified after being exposed to gastric epithelial cells. The endonuclease encoded by iceA1 gene is very similar to restriction endonucleases NlaIIIR in Lactococcus, and the highly conserved activity of deoxyribonucleic acid adenine methyltransferase encoded by Helicobacter pylori seems to be related to the control of gene expression of Helicobacter pylori.

Helicobacter pylori Jhp1462 is associated with an increased risk of MAL T lymphoma, duodenal ulcer and gastric adenocarcinoma. The function of protein encoded by Jhp1462 is unknown, and its importance in the development of severe gastroduodenal diseases remains to be clarified.

Above, we can see that Helicobacter pylori has brought various adverse effects to the human body in various ways. It seems that it should not survive in the human body for a long time. However, Helicobacter pylori has a long history in the human body.So how does Helicobacter pylori protect itself and survive in the human body?

five

Determinants of Helicobacter pylori colonization and persistence

Before the disease occurs, Helicobacter pylori willLong-term infection of human gastric mucosa. Therefore, the factors leading to the colonization and persistence of Helicobacter pylori and the pathogenesis related to Helicobacter pylori are as followsinner link. After entering the gastric cavity, Helicobacter pylori must cope with gastric acid.

Helicobacter pylori passes through itacid resistanceSurvive in this acidic condition: then pass through the mucus layer to reach its position close to the gastric epithelial cells. Chemotaxis, motility and adhesion are important processes of gastric epithelial cell colonization.

In order to persist in human gastric mucosa for a long time, Helicobacter pylori still needs nutrition from its host. This is achieved by degrading the integrity of the mucous layer and the underlying gastric epithelial cells. In addition, throughInhibition of host immune system, antigenic variation and antigenic mimicryThe elimination of helicobacter pylori is avoided.　

acid resistance

The lower pH value of helicobacter pylori growth is5.0-5.5Depending on the isolate being tested. In the gastric mucosa, the pH is also acidic, varying from 4 to 6.5. Moreover, when the mucus layer is destroyed, the pH value may drop occasionally.　

Survival of Helicobacter pylori after acid shock (pH<3)Depending on the urease activity of Helicobacter pylori proteinThe enzyme converts urea into ammonia and bicarbonate. This causes the periplasm or cytoplasm of Helicobacter pylori to be neutralized. Urease activity of helicobacter pylori is important for survival in vitro at acidic pH and in animal modelsColonization of gastric mucosaIt is very important, which proves the importance of urease in Helicobacter pylori infection.

At neutral pHThe combination of highly active urease and acid-regulated urea channelsIt explains why the viability of Helicobacter pylori in human stomach is unique. Effective inhibition of UreI protein will provide a method to eradicate Helicobacter pylori from normal, acid-secreting stomach.

Besides acid resistance, urease also has other basic functions related to gastric colonization.

Although urease is essential for the survival of acid shock, Helicobacter pylori urease is not enough to deal with chronic acidic environment near gastric epithelial cells. useacid inhibitorTreatment could not restore the colonization ability of urease negative mutant in the stomach of dwarf piglets.　

Urease participates in nitrogen metabolism of Helicobacter pylori.Ammonia and bicarbonate produced by urease activity are considered to affect many cellular processes in the host, including cell lysis.　

In addition to urease,Non-urease genes also contribute to acid resistance.And the survival and growth at acidic pH have nothing to do with urease. Among these non-urease genes, three regulatory proteins (Fur, NikR and HP0166) have been shown to contribute to the adaptability of Helicobacter pylori. This shows the importance of strictly adjusting the acid resistance mechanism.　

Karin et al.,　FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2006　

NikR directly and indirectly regulates the expression of urease through Fur regulation system. CsrA regulates the expression of Fur and HspR regulatory systems. Through the interaction of different gene regulatory proteins, Helicobacter pylori can sense and respond to a variety of signals.

Chemotaxis and movement of cells

The gastric epithelial cell layer is covered with a thick layer of mucus. It is assumed that this layer is relatively impermeable even to small molecules. Helicobacter pyloriInitiative and chemotaxisIs effective in penetrating this mucus layer.key.

In the mouse infection model, almost any mutation of motor and chemotactic system genes eliminated the ability of Helicobacter pylori to infect gastric mucosa, and emphasized the importance of these factors to colonization.

motility

The motility of helicobacter pylori is through the existenceTwo to six polar sheathed flagellaAnd realized it. Flagella consists of three structural elements: matrix, hook and filament. Up to now, more than 50 species of protein are related to the structure or regulatory organization of flagella.

Flagella filament consists of two subunits FlaA and FlaB. FlaA and flaB mutants of Helicobacter pylori could not be colonized in the model of infected piglets, indicating that Helicobacter pyloriFlagella is necessary for colonization.The virulence of Helicobacter pylori is also increased.

The motB gene of Helicobacter pylori encodes the flagella motor rotation protein. Helicobacter pylori motB gene knockout mutant still contains flagella, but it can’t move. The ability of the mutant to colonize mice decreased, which confirmed thatExercise is necessary for complete infectivity..

The regulation of flagella gene transcription is different from many other bacteria. Contrary to many other gram-negative bacteria with flagella, Helicobacter pylori has no transcription regulator to regulate the transcription of flagella gene.　

It is speculated that the movement of Helicobacter pylori does not need strict regulation, because it is indispensable at any time. However, some transcriptional regulation can still be seen in Helicobacter pylori. For example, FlhA and FlhF in protein, the components of the matrix, need to appear before the transcription of flagella genes in the middle and late stages.

chemotaxis

In addition to mobility, chemotaxis is also essential for the colonization of Helicobacter pylori. Chemotaxis allows Helicobacter pylori to direct its movement to the gastric epithelial layer.

The chemotactic receptor sensor of Helicobacter pylori encoded by HP0099 recognizes bicarbonate and arginine as attractants. This sensor protein on the outer membrane of Helicobacter pylori is similar to that on the outer membrane of Helicobacter pyloriReaction regulator CheYCoupling.

CheY, a reaction regulator, regulates the expression of flagella motor protein and makes Helicobacter pylori swim to its niche.

A knock-out mutant of response regulator CheY failed to colonize in abiotic piglets, which emphasized thatThe Importance of Chemotaxis in Initial Colonization.

The knock-out mutant of CheY and its histidine kinase showed thatChemotactic response to mucin is weakened..

Immune evasion

In the long-term colonization process, the host has a strong immune response to a variety of Helicobacter pylori antigens. However, these antigens are usually not exposed on the surface.

On the other hand, the antigens exposed on the surface are usually highly diverse, which makes it more difficult for the host to eliminate Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter pylori infection rarely produces enough immune response to remove bacteria. In fact, Helicobacter pylori canEffectively avoid innate and adaptive immune responses..

The innate immune response can’t recognize Helicobacter pylori substantially. Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activates innate immune response through TLR4. However, Helicobacter pylori LPS is far from being an effective inducer of gene expression mediated by TLR4.　

In Helicobacter pylori, the activation efficiency of immune response mediated by TLR5 is also low. Compared with Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium flagellin, Helicobacter pylori flagellin is not released, and it is not so strong in activating IL-8 secretion through TLR5.　

The failure of innate immune response to recognize Helicobacter pylori may lead to the failure of adaptive immune response to subsequently clear the infection.

The escape of adaptive immune system is mediated by at least two important mechanisms:Antigen simulationandimmunosuppression. Antigen simulation leads to the host immune system can not correctly identify Helicobacter pylori. For example, the Le blood group antigen on Helicobacter pylori LPS is also expressed on human epithelial cells. As a result, the immunogenicity of Helicobacter pylori LPS is poor, which supports the persistence of Helicobacter pylori. The ability of Helicobacter pylori strains lacking O antigen on their LPS to colonize mice was significantly reduced. Therefore,The typical structure of Helicobacter pylori LPS is very important in colonization..

In addition to avoiding immunity through antigen simulation,Immunosuppression also contributes to the chronic infection of Helicobacter pylori..

The immune response may be biased towards a more anti-inflammatory response or down-regulated (VacA). VacA of Helicobacter pylori can block the fusion of phagocyte and lysosome in macrophages, so that macrophages cannot kill Helicobacter pylori.　

In addition, VacA expression blocks T cell activation and therefore proliferation, activates T cell apoptosis, and inhibits antigen presentation in T cells.

The antigen processing of B lymphocytes may be prevented, possibly by limiting the maturation of endosomes to MHC class II compartments where antigen loading occurs. Therefore,VacAT cell and B cell responses to Helicobacter pylori are limited..

The existence of Helicobacter pylori can prevent some diseases?

Through the above methods, Helicobacter pylori can survive in the human body. To some extent, Helicobacter pylori is not always harmful to human hosts.

Studies have shown that the existence of Helicobacter pylori may inhibit the bacteria that cause tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and prevent asthma, Crohn’s disease, esophageal reflux, diarrhea and esophageal cancer. The decline in the incidence of Helicobacter pylori is related to the increase in the incidence of allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases, multiple sclerosis and abdominal diseases in children.

Therefore, to some extent, Helicobacter pylori has its existence value. This has caused a discussion about whether it is necessary to eradicate Helicobacter pylori.

06

Is it necessary to eradicate Helicobacter pylori?

It needs to be clear that Helicobacter pylori infection will not immediately cause fatal harm and serious consequences to human body, and the diseases caused by chronic gastritis, digestive tract ulcer and gastric cancer are the result of long-term existence and chronic interaction with other factors.

The fifth national consensus report on the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection has the following statements:

The benefits of eradicating Helicobacter pylori vary among different individuals.

Eradication of Helicobacter pylori promotes the healing of peptic ulcer and reduces the incidence of ulcer complications. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori can alleviate about 80% of early gastric MALT lymphoma. Compared with the patients infected with Helicobacter pylori without symptoms and complications, the benefits of eradicating Helicobacter pylori in these patients are obviously greater. Individuals with high risk of gastric cancer include family history of gastric cancer, early gastric cancer after endoscopic resection, gastric mucosal atrophy and/or intestinal metaplasia. The benefit of eradicating Helicobacter pylori in preventing gastric cancer is higher than that of low-risk individuals.

Helicobacter pylori-related dyspepsia must be ruled out before a reliable diagnosis of functional dyspepsia can be made.

Helicobacter pylori gastritis patients with dyspeptic symptoms, eradication of Helicobacter pylori can make some patients’ symptoms get long-term relief, which is the preferred choice.

Helicobacter pylori infection is the main cause of peptic ulcer. No matter whether the ulcer is active or not and whether there is a history of complications, Helicobacter pylori should be detected and eradicated.

…

Generally speaking, for individuals who have no competitive factors (old age, co-existing diseases, community reinfection rate, health and economic factors, etc.), eradication of Helicobacter pylori treatment.The advantages outweigh the disadvantages.

Children:

Routine detection of Helicobacter pylori in children under 14 years old is not recommended. It is recommended to detect and treat Helicobacter pylori in children with peptic ulcer, and it is recommended to detect and treat Helicobacter pylori in children undergoing endoscopic examination due to indigestion.

Compared with adults, children’s eradication treatment has many unfavorable factors, including small choice of antibiotics and low tolerance to adverse drug reactions. In addition, children with Helicobacter pylori infection have a certain spontaneous clearance rate, and the reinfection rate after eradication may be higher than that of adults.

Older people:

The risk of adverse drug reactions in the treatment of helicobacter pylori eradication in the elderly is increasing, so the treatment of helicobacter pylori eradication in the elderly should be evaluated comprehensively and treated individually.

Questionnaire survey shows that most clinicians tend to be conservative about the treatment of eradicating Helicobacter pylori in the elderly. Generally speaking, the tolerance and compliance of the elderly (over 70 years old) to the therapeutic drugs for eradicating Helicobacter pylori are reduced, and the risk of adverse antibiotic reactions is increased; On the other hand, the potential benefit of eradicating Helicobacter pylori in patients with non-atrophic gastritis or mild atrophic gastritis to prevent gastric cancer decreased.

It is very important to treat the consequences of Helicobacter pylori infection reasonably, and whether it is necessary to intervene Helicobacter pylori infection in natural population needs to weigh the advantages and disadvantages comprehensively. For patients with eradication indications, standardized treatment is needed to improve the first eradication rate and reduce the occurrence of drug resistance.

07

Conclusion　

In the process of chronic infection, many strains are colonized in one host at the same time, and the genetic variation of Helicobacter pylori isolates makes it difficult to predict the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori from a single factor. The co-evolution of Helicobacter pylori and its host enables it to settle for life.　　

With the improvement of modern health environment and the extensive use of antibiotics, the growth and spread of Helicobacter pylori is becoming more and more difficult, and the infection rate among the younger generation is low, and the infection rate of Helicobacter pylori will further decline in the next few decades.

A better understanding of the dialogue between Helicobacter pylori and other gastrointestinal microflora may provide a new direction for preventing or treating its infection.If helicobacter pylori infection is found in the health test report of intestinal flora, it should be paid attention to.When treatment is needed, new treatment strategies and drugs should be evaluated, or alternative strategies should be formulated to control the virulence of bacteria, so as to avoid ulcers and gastric cancer without eliminating its positive effects.

Appendix: Discovery History of Helicobacter Pylori

In the early 1980s, Helicobacter pylori was first discovered as the cause of stomach diseases. This discovery helps researchers to associate Helicobacter pylori infection with gastritis, ulcer and gastric cancer.

In 1982, two Australian researchers, Barry Marshall and Robin Warren, described the role of Helicobacter pylori infection.

However, Warren and Marshall’s theory about the function of Helicobacter pylori was not immediately accepted by the medical community. At that time, most scientists didn’t believe that bacteria could live in human stomach.

Marshall could not further test his work in laboratory mice, nor was he allowed to conduct experiments on people. Marshall, a brave scientific researcher, thought of a way.

He decided to eat Helicobacter pylori himself. He extracted the bacterium from the patient’s intestine, put it in the broth and drank it.

A few days later, Marshall developed intestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, bad breath and fatigue. He had a gastric biopsy and was able to culture Helicobacter pylori, which proved that bacteria caused his symptoms.

The medical community finally accepted the idea that Helicobacter pylori causes ulcers and other intestinal problems, but the obstacles to acceptance were long.

In 1994, the consensus development meeting of the National Institutes of Health officially recognized the close relationship between Helicobacter pylori and ulcers. The group suggested antibiotic treatment for patients with ulcers.

In 1996, FDA approved the first antibiotic therapy for ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori.

A year later, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) launched a national campaign in cooperation with other government agencies and academic institutions to provide doctors and patients with information about the relationship between Helicobacter pylori and ulcers.

In 2005, Marshall and Warren won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Ulcer is no longer regarded as an incurable chronic disease, but a disease that can be treated by short-term antibiotics and acid secretion inhibitors.

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　　The strength of a political party is rooted in the hearts of the people. The key to a nation’s revival lies in its spirit. A strong nation should have a strong national spirit. Comrade Supreme Leader pointed out at the National Conference on Propaganda and Ideological Work: "To do a good job in propaganda and ideological work under the new situation, we must consciously undertake the mission of raising flags, gathering people’s hearts, educating new people, rejuvenating culture and displaying image." The vast number of propaganda and ideological workers must consciously undertake the mission entrusted by the new era and make due contributions to promoting the continuous strengthening of propaganda and ideological work and the national spirit.

　　Hold the banner and lay a solid ideological foundation for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out, "Doctrine is like a flag. When the flag is erected, everyone will have hope and know where to go." To do a good job in propaganda and ideological work under the new situation, we must hold high the banner of Marxism and Socialism with Chinese characteristics, arm the whole party, educate the people and promote the work with Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the new era, constantly consolidate the guiding position of Marxism in the ideological field, and consolidate the common ideological foundation of the United struggle of the whole party and the whole people.

　　Work hard to learn, understand and implement new ideas. Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era provides an action guide for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. To do a good job in propaganda and ideological work under the new situation, we must use this important ideological education to guide cadres and the masses and constantly improve their political identity, ideological identity, theoretical identity and emotional identity. Propaganda and ideological workers should set an example of learning to understand and implement Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the new era, learn one step at a time and learn one step at a time, so as to be aware of it and use it freely; Take the lead and implement it, and be good at influencing and driving the masses with scientific theories.

　　Be good at explaining conclusions with economic and social development materials. Marxist classical writers have always advocated integrating theory with practice and opposed empty preaching. Lenin believes that Marxism can only be understood and mastered by the masses if it is combined with the realistic workers’ movement. It is emphasized that propaganda and application of Marxism must proceed from the universally recognized facts. Practice has proved that Marxism has provided a powerful ideological weapon for China’s revolution, construction and reform, and enabled China, an ancient eastern power, to create an unprecedented development miracle in human history. Propaganda and ideological workers should be good at using fresh materials of economic and social development to clarify this conclusion through the comparison between today and the past, China and foreign countries.

　　Dare to fight against all kinds of wrong thoughts. At present, China is in a critical period of economic and social transformation, and various social thoughts are competing to speak out. In these thoughts, right and wrong coexist, and advanced and backward are intertwined. Propaganda and ideological workers should deeply understand and master the laws of ideological work, comprehensively analyze and grasp the trends of social ideological trends, constantly enhance political discrimination and political immunity, take a clear-cut stand in upholding the truth and firmly refute fallacies. In the ideological confrontation, it is necessary to analyze things clearly, and strive to convince people with culture and reasoning; We should also dare to show our swords and resolutely fight against erroneous ideological trends.

　　Gather people’s hearts and gather great strength for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　To realize the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, we must unite China’s strength. Propaganda and ideological work is the work of being a man and rallying people’s hearts. Socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, and the propaganda and ideological work should adhere to the people-centered principle, in order to achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　Explain not only the great achievements, but also the practical problems. Propaganda and ideological work should be good at combining the international and domestic situations, closely linking the changes in people’s lives and the examples around them, and clearly explaining the great achievements made in the past 40 years of reform and opening up, especially the historic achievements and changes that have taken place in the cause of the party and the state since the 18 th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, constantly inspiring confidence and gathering people’s hearts. At present, some people use negative cases to make a fuss and draw some biased conclusions. The key to effectively respond to this kind of query and thoroughly explain the existing problems is to make good use of materialist dialectics, guide cadres and the masses to distinguish the mainstream from tributaries, the individual from the general, the phenomenon from the essence, and clarify the causes and solutions of the problems. Lenin once said, "If you don’t grasp the facts from the whole or from the connection, if the facts are piecemeal and randomly picked out, then they can only be a kind of child’s play, or even worse." To do a good job in propaganda and ideological work, we should describe the facts according to the facts, not only accurately report individual facts, but also grasp and reflect the whole picture of events or things from a macro perspective, as emphasized by the Supreme Leader.

　　Solve both practical problems and ideological problems. The effect of propaganda and ideological work should ultimately be reflected in the recognition of the people. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out: "All the real life problems of the masses are problems that we should pay attention to. If we pay attention to these problems, solve them and meet the needs of the masses, we will truly become the organizers of mass life, and the masses will truly surround us and enthusiastically support us. " To do a good job in propaganda and ideological work under the new situation, we must take the people’s yearning for a better life as our goal, not only to help the people solve practical problems in their lives, but also to solve their ideological problems, so as to strengthen their confidence, gather people’s hearts, warm people’s hearts and build unity.

　　Educate new people and cultivate fresh troops for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　Adhering to and developing the Chinese dream of Socialism with Chinese characteristics and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is a long-term task, which needs continuous struggle from generation to generation. This determines that propaganda and ideological work should take it as an important duty to train new people of the times who are responsible for national rejuvenation.

　　Build a spiritual foundation with firm ideals and beliefs. In a certain sense, whether young people have firm ideals and beliefs determines whether a country can prosper. Ideals guide the direction of life, and beliefs determine the success or failure of a career. Without firm ideals and beliefs, it will lead to mental "calcium deficiency." To help young people strengthen their ideals and beliefs in propaganda and ideological work, we should strengthen the propaganda and education of Marxist theory, China history and world history, and the basic national conditions of contemporary China according to the individual characteristics, theoretical demands and learning methods of contemporary young people, so that young people can continuously enhance their "four consciousnesses" and always strengthen their "four self-confidences".

　　See the truth in attention, care and love. Winning the majority of young people is the key for a political party to maintain its youthful vitality. The Communist Party of China (CPC) has always attached great importance to youth work, and since its establishment, it has insisted on representing, winning and relying on young people. Under the condition of ideological pluralism and social informatization, to win over young people, propaganda and ideological work needs to make more efforts, pay attention to young people, care for them, show their true feelings, see the truth, give practical policies, encourage their growth and support their entrepreneurship.

　　Use real work in detail, small size and implementation. Comrade Supreme Leader pointed out, "Tao cannot sit on the table, and virtue cannot be empty talk. Only by exerting efforts in practice and working hard from the unity of knowing and doing can the core values be internalized into people’s spiritual pursuit and externalized into people’s conscious actions. " Propaganda and ideological work should strengthen education guidance, practice cultivation and system guarantee, strive to promote the integration of socialist core values into all aspects of social life, and guide all people to consciously practice. In particular, it is necessary to grasp the critical period of the formation of young people’s values and guide them to buckle their first buttons in life.

　　Promote culture and enhance the cultural heritage for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　The prosperity of a country and a nation should be supported by cultural prosperity. The great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation depends on the development and prosperity of Chinese culture. In the new era, propaganda and ideological work should contribute to adhering to the road of cultural development in Socialism with Chinese characteristics and building a socialist cultural power.

　　Effectively enhance the sense of responsibility and mission of promoting culture. Culture is an important support for the survival and development of the nation. Realizing the prosperity of Chinese culture and building a socialist cultural power is the proper meaning of realizing the Chinese dream of great rejuvenation. In the face of the demands of social consensus on values and the people’s desire to live a richer spiritual and cultural life, propaganda and ideological workers should stand at the height of realizing the Chinese nation’s great rejuvenation of the Chinese dream and realizing the people’s yearning for a better life, and earnestly enhance their sense of responsibility and mission in rejuvenating culture.

　　Vigorously promote Socialism with Chinese characteristics culture. Socialism with Chinese characteristics culture is an organic whole based on Chinese excellent traditional culture, with revolutionary culture as the source and advanced socialist culture as the direction. To do propaganda and ideological work well under the new situation, we should take root in the fertile soil of Chinese excellent traditional culture and promote the creative transformation and innovative development of Chinese excellent traditional culture; Inherit revolutionary culture and give play to the important role of red cultural genes in cultural inheritance, integration and innovation; Carry forward the advanced socialist culture and play its leading role in value.

　　Constantly inspire people’s cultural innovation and create vitality. The prosperity of socialist culture requires both the spring snow and the Liba people. It is necessary to play a leading role in propaganda and ideological work, but also to stimulate the people’s cultural innovation and creativity. For social and cultural phenomena and popular cultural forms, we should adhere to the combination of meeting the needs of the masses and leading the improvement, adhere to the cultural consciousness to examine their advantages and disadvantages, treat their popularity and influence with cultural confidence, and strive to promote their healthy development.

　　Show your image and create a favorable international public opinion environment for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　China cannot seek development under closed conditions, but can only achieve win-win development through harmonious coexistence and benign interaction with the world. Propaganda and ideological work should show the world a true, three-dimensional and comprehensive China and create a favorable international public opinion environment for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　Strengthen the capacity building of international communication. At present, "reading" China’s economy and "decoding" China’s road have become an important international phenomenon. It is good that the world pays attention to China, but China’s story cannot be interpreted by others, and Chinese should tell his own story well. Since the May 4th Movement, the cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries have generally shown a situation in which western learning has gradually spread to the east, while eastern learning has gradually been insufficient. Now, although the information is well developed, foreign people still don’t know much about China, which is not deep or true, and they are easily misled by the media with ulterior motives. In recent years, the international communication ability of China’s mainstream media has been continuously improved, but the pattern of international public opinion that the west is strong and the west is weak has not fundamentally changed. Strengthening the capacity building of international communication is still an important task for propaganda and ideological work.

　　Tell the story of China well. In recent years, in view of the rapid economic and social development in China, some foreign media have made various interpretations. Among them, there are many misinterpretations and misunderstandings such as "China threat theory". In this regard, China’s propaganda and ideological workers made a timely and effective response. In the future, we should further clarify fallacies and distinguish right from wrong. At the same time, we should go beyond the practice of "smearing first and then whitewashing", improve the enthusiasm, initiative and creativity of international communication, and actively tell the story of the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s governance of the country, the story of China people’s struggle for a dream, and the story of China’s insistence on peaceful development, cooperation and win-win, so that the world can understand China more stereoscopically and comprehensively. Let the world know not only "China on the tip of the tongue", but also "China in academics", "China in theory", "China in philosophy and social sciences", "China in development", "China in opening up" and China making contributions to human civilization.

　　Interpret China’s ideas. Due to the differences between history and reality, system and culture, customs and habits, the development of China will inevitably go through a long-term cognitive friction, collision and adaptation process between China and foreign countries. It is undoubtedly very important to study the habits and characteristics of different foreign audiences, adopt concepts, categories and expressions that integrate China and foreign countries, and be good at interpreting and expressing China’s ideas to the international community. It is an important task and mission for propaganda and ideological workers to strengthen the international communication power of China’s stories, carry forward the cultural spirit that transcends time and space, transcends the country, is full of eternal charm and has contemporary value, and spread the cultural innovation achievements of contemporary China that inherit the traditional excellent culture and carry forward the spirit of the times, and is based on their own country and facing the world.

　　(Written by Sun Laibin)