Helicobacterpylori (H.pylori) is a kind of bacteria.unique, canPersistent colonization in human gastric mucosaAnd bacteria that can cause stomach infections.

Helicobacter pylori isgram-negativeSpiral, micro-aerobic bacteria inhabit human gastric mucosa. More than half of the people in the world are infected with Helicobacter pylori, but many of them have no clinical symptoms. Helicobacter pylori and its prevalence rate are as high as 80% in some people.

It is speculated that Helicobacter pylori may be a part of human indigenous microbiota, and it has a very complicated relationship with human hosts.

This paper mainly discusses how Helicobacter pylori co-evolved with human beings, and the possible mechanism can explain the positive and negative correlation between Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of several diseases in population-based research, as well as the respective results of how inflammation and/or microbial changes are related.

one

Symptoms and complications of Helicobacter pylori

Most people infected with Helicobacter pylori have no obvious symptoms, but when symptoms appear, they are generally the following:

Nausea, stomach pain or heartburn, abdominal pain aggravated on an empty stomach.

What kind of situation is likely to be infected with this bacterium?

Helicobacter pylori may spread through contact with saliva, vomit or feces of infected people, and it can also be infected by eating contaminated food or water.

Most people infected with Helicobacter pylori are inChildhood infectionYes.

Some factors may increase the risk of infection with Helicobacter pylori:　　

For example, living in a crowded space, without clean water, and living with people with Helicobacter pylori.

When do you need to see a doctor?

When you feel unusual stomachache or discomfort, especially persistent or recurrent stomachache;

Dysphagia;

Bloody, black or tarry feces;

Vomiting is bloody or looks like coffee grounds;

…

In the above situation, it is best to see a doctor.

(If you take antibiotics at will, the effect is not good and it is likely to bring antibiotic resistance.)

How to diagnose helicobacter pylori?

At present, the most common and affordable method isBreath detectionIt takes only a few minutes from the analysis to the result, which is simple and accurate.

gastroscopyGastroscopy also includes detection of Helicobacter pylori, because active tissues in the stomach can be taken for pathological examination.

Antibody examinationThrough blood test, to determine whether you have been infected with Helicobacter pylori and are currently infected.

Does helicobacter pylori cause complications?

Include ulcers, gastritis and stomach cancer.

ulcer About 10% patients with Helicobacter pylori will develop gastric ulcer (pain). This happens when Helicobacter pylori destroys the mucosa that protects the inner walls of the stomach and small intestine, and gastric acid can penetrate into the lining and cause damage.

Helicobacter pylori can cause more than 90% intestinal ulcers and 80% gastric ulcers.

Ulcer itself can also lead to serious complications:

? Internal bleeding Gastric acid or ulcer seeping into blood vessels may lead to bleeding.

? block An ulcer will prevent food from leaving your stomach.

? perforate The ulcer may penetrate deep into the stomach or intestinal wall.

? peritonitis Peritoneal inflammation (peritoneum) may occur when an ulcer causes infection or inflammation.

gastritis Gastritis is inflammation of gastric mucosa. Helicobacter pylori is at increased risk of suffering from this disease.

If gastritis is not treated, it may lead to serious blood loss and may increase the risk of illness.gastric cancerThe risk. Gastric cancer is the second most common cause of death in the world.

In addition, Helicobacter pylori infection is also related to other diseases, such as ischemic heart disease, type 2, anemia, adverse metabolic characteristics of obese subjects and insulin resistance.

2

Helicobacter pylori and microflora

Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection will produce drastic changes in the gastric microenvironment, which will further affectGastric microfloraComposition, and may be related toChanges of intestinal microfloraRelated. May triggerIntestinal symbiotic homeostasisMajor changes, resulting in a new gastrointestinal balance.

At the same time, the therapeutic strategies used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori can regulate this physiological symbiosis, but it may also be the opposite, influenced by its characteristics.. Infection, diet, antibiotics and/or lifestyleWill interfere with this symbiotic relationship.

Interference of Helicobacter pylori infection on gastric microflora

Next-generation sequencing was used to study the human gastric microflora in gastric juice and biopsy samples. The results showed that there were many bacterial groups in the stomach, which mainly consisted of five phyla, includingActinomycetes, Bacteroides, Firmicutes, Clostridium and Proteus.. Helicobacter pylori infection has greatly changed the characteristics of gastric microflora.

A preliminary study reported that Helicobacter pylori colonization changed the gastric microflora,Reduce that diversity of microorganismsEradication of Helicobacter pylori can restore microbial diversity.

Helicobacter pylori can regulate gastric microenvironment by several mechanisms. By interfering with the expression of proton pump, Helicobacter pylori can regulate the acidity of gastric cavity, thus making the microenvironment compatible with microorganisms that usually cannot grow in the stomach.

Study on evaluating the effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on gastric microflora

Tao et al.,　Helicobacter, 2020

In addition, the altered immune response due to the presence of Helicobacter pylori may affect other microbial groups. Helicobacter pylori may also change the growth of other microbial groups by mobilizing antibacterial peptides or by nutritional competition. In general, researchers have shown that,The colonization of Helicobacter pylori is related to the significant decrease of α diversity.. There is an inverse relationship between microbial diversity and Helicobacter pylori abundance.

Effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on intestinal microflora

Compared with the negative control group of Helicobacter pylori, individuals with a large number of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach have different intestinal flora, which indicates that there is interaction between gastrointestinal segments.

Most studies show that there is a positive correlation between Helicobacter pylori infection and intestinal microbial diversity. Because high microbial diversity is usually related to overall good health, it will be interesting to explore whether the increase of intestinal microbial diversity after Helicobacter pylori infection has some beneficial effects on the host.

Study on the influence of Helicobacter pylori infection on intestinal microflora

Tao et al.,　Helicobacter, 2020

There are significant differences in microbial community structure between Helicobacter pylori infection group and negative control group.

The composition analysis at the door level found that among the infected individualsThe abundance of Proteus increased significantly.This may be due to the transfer of Helicobacter pylori from stomach to intestinal cavity. It is worth noting that Bacteroides and Firmicutes (B:F) are similar.ratioexistIt is higher in helicobacter pylori positive group.The changed B:F ratio is related to the clinic, because it is found that Firmicutes and Bacteroides are related to the lipid metabolism and energy balance of the host.

Compared with the uninfected group,There was no significant difference in the abundance of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Ackermann mucilaginosus.. Other researchers have found that people infected with Helicobacter pyloriThe abundance of lactobacillus is higher..

A study found that among patients infected with Helicobacter pylori, the intestinal microflora of patients with atrophic gastritisStreptococcus is more abundant.

Another study found that individuals infected with Helicobacter pylori showedDecrease of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producers (such as butyrate)SCFA has a beneficial metabolic effect on the host.

In addition, given the widespread expression of SCFAs receptors in immune cells, these metabolites are considered to play an important role in regulating intestinal homeostasis. Therefore,Inhibition of SCFAs output during Helicobacter pylori infection may be harmful to human health..

Functional analysis shows that the disease-related pathway is more active among people with negative helicobacter pylori. In contrast, many metabolic pathways are over-represented in infected patients. Therefore, in the microbial community,Functional changes may be site specific.Yes, because the changes observed in the intestine are different from those observed in the stomach.Different trends.

Effect of eradication therapy on gastric microflora

Tao et al.,　Helicobacter, 2020

Sufficient evidence shows that the diversity of gastric microorganisms increased significantly after the successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori, but it did not improve after the failure of treatment. The researchers think it may take some time to recover, because they think the diversity increases gradually from week 0 to week 6 and week 26.

In addition, studies have shown that after the successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori,α diversity can be completely restored to the level of uninfected control group.. On the contrary, although the community structure can be partially restored after the eradication of Helicobacter pylori, there is controversy about whether there is still a significant difference between the eradication group and the negative control group.

Some researchers found that after two months of treatment, the composition of gastric microbial community recovered to the level of uninfected children. However, other studies confirmed that adult samples still showed different microbial structure after six months of successful treatment, but the negative control group was different.

Different age groups included in the analysis may explain the opposite conclusion, because another study of recruiting children also found that the flora structure of eradication group was close to that of Helicobacter pylori negative group after 4 weeks of treatment.

Evaluation of changes of gastric microflora after eradication therapy

Tao et al.,　Helicobacter, 2020

Component analysis revealed that the relative abundance of Helicobacter pylori decreased significantly after treatment, while other major bacteria, includingActinobacillus, Bacteroides, Firmicutes and Fusobacterium increased..

At the generic level, after treatment,Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium(two recognized probiotics)The number has increased significantly..

The functional analysis of the two studies showed that after successful treatment,Protein and Up-regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism Pathway. Therefore, during the period of Helicobacter pylori infection, the nutritional and metabolic function of gastric microflora is damaged, and eradication treatment can partially recover. However, the predicted functional changes need further verification.

Changes of intestinal microflora after eradication treatment

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been proved to have a significant effect on intestinal microflora by reducing acidity. Therefore, the effect of anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy on intestinal microflora is the joint result of PPIs, antibiotics and bismuth. The general trend is that,α diversity decreased immediately after eradication and then recovered..

Tao et al.,　Helicobacter, 2020

Specifically, how long the recovery will take remains to be clarified. Most studies have collected information within 2 months of follow-up.Decreased α diversityHowever, there is no significant difference between the report and the baseline.

However, a research report, from week 0 to week 6 and week 26,Sobs indexandChao indexAre falling, not statistically significant. Notably, another study found that,Different treatment optionsThe effects on intestinal microflora may be different.

In clinical trials, there are three different treatment schemes, including triple therapy, combined therapy and bismuth quadruple therapy. The results show that,The α diversity of all groups decreased at the second week., but only acceptThe patients with triple therapy only have basic α diversity at the eighth week.However, the α diversity of the other two groups after treatment.Can’t recover in a year..

It is hoped that future research will verify whether eradication therapy will lead to the continuous disorder of intestinal flora and how different treatment schemes affect reversibility.

Study on the influence of eradication therapy on intestinal microflora

Tao et al.,　Helicobacter, 2020

　Probiotic supplementation can alleviate the diversity and structural disorder caused by antibiotics.　

Probiotics have been proved to stabilize the microbial population and improve gastrointestinal symptoms. At the door level,Treatment for 6 monthsAfter observingThe thick-walled flora increased and Bacteroides decreased., indicating that it is observed in individuals infected with Helicobacter pyloriHigh B:F ratio reversal. Nine similar results were reported in another study.

Clinical evidence supports that obesity is related to the decrease of B:F ratio. Therefore, the decrease of B:F ratio detected in these studies may beWeight gain after eradication treatmentProvides a possible explanation. However, some researchers explain that,After 18 months of eradication, the reduced B:F ratio can be reversed.. Interestingly, probiotic supplementation has been shown to be associated with a higher B:F ratio after eradication therapy. It is worth noting that the results of the report are inconsistent.

A study showed that the B:F ratio increased immediately after treatment and remained above the baseline level at the 13th week. The classification map of metagenome research shows that,The relative abundance of Bifidobacterium decreased after treatment.. However, another study showed that Bifidobacterium increased after 6 months of successful eradication.

Enriched in the intestinal microflora of Helicobacter pylori positive atrophic gastritisStreptococcus decreased significantly after eradication treatment..

Although the long-term changes of intestinal microflora are different in different studies, it seems to be consistent to eradicate the short-term disorder that causes intestinal homeostasis.

Effect of eradication therapy on antibiotic resistance of intestinal flora

With the wide application of eradication therapy, the emergence of antibiotic resistance has become an important problem in clinical practice.

After the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection, the increase of antibiotic resistance and the post-eradication treatmentLong-term security is an important issue..

Individualized treatment guided by drug sensitivity test can provide reliable and excellent eradication rate in first-line treatment, but it is expensive and not widely available. According to the antibiotic resistance in local areas,Empirical therapy for specific populationIt may be an alternative strategy.

three

Host and environmental determinants of helicobacter pylori-related diseases

Has been shown to change the risk of helicobacter pylori-related diseasesHost factorIncluding the hostageThe duration between the acquisition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter pylori infection, but more importantly, the host.Immune mediator(polymorphism) andAcid secretion state.　

In addition to host factors,Smoking and dietEnvironmental factors will also affect the niche of Helicobacter pylori colonization, so it may affect the disease risk.

Karin et al.,　FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2006　

　Age　

existAt a young ageInfection with Helicobacter pylori increases the risk of gastric ulcer and gastric cancer. The development of gastric ulcer and gastric cancer requires long-term infection of Helicobacter pylori, so it is speculated that these diseases are more common in patients with chronic infection of Helicobacter pylori.

In addition, this association is considered to be caused byDifference of host immune response in different age groupsDecided by.

inflammatory mediator

After being infected with Helicobacter pylori, the host gastric epithelial cells release cytokine IL-8. This cytokine is involved in the recruitment of macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, B cells and T cells to the inflammatory site. These cells further enhance the immune response by secreting other inflammatory mediators, such as interferon-G, tumor necrosis factor-A and interleukin-1B.

Schematic diagram of pathogenesis related to Helicobacter pylori

Karin et al.,　FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2006　

A) In human stomach, Helicobacter pylori mainly colonizes the antrum lacking gastric acid secretion wall cells;

B) In gastric pits, Helicobacter pylori proliferates especially near the tight junction of epithelial cells;

C) Helicobacter pylori plays an important role in colonization, persistence and disease development.

The immune response to Helicobacter pylori is further manifested in activated human neutrophils.Oxidation explosion. This outbreak will lead to the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is a low molecular weight metabolite that can destroy important biological components including nucleic acids. ROS mayDamage genes that control cell growth; And stimulate the development of cancer. Therefore, the existence of immune mediators will lead to gastric epithelialImpaired integrity. This kind of injury is the cause of most pathology related to Helicobacter pylori infection, rather than direct Helicobacter pylori activity.

Immune cells existing during Helicobacter pylori infection are mainlyProinflammatory cellInstead of anti-inflammatory cells. Pro-inflammatory mediators are secreted by helper T cells 1(Th1). Primitive T cells are driven by many factors to differentiate into Th1 cells, such as TNF-a and IL-12.

Stimulated by Helicobacter pylori, monocytes produce a large amount of cytokine IL-12. Therefore,By stimulating the release of IL-12, Helicobacter pylori enhances the pro-inflammatory response.. This leads to more damage to the gastric epithelium, which is easy to develop gastric atrophy.

Some host genes encoding immunoregulatory factors contain polymorphic regions. These genesPolymorphism will change their transcription, thus affecting the inflammatory process. Therefore, the risk of Helicobacter pylori-related diseases may change. So far,Polymorphism of IL-1b, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-10 and TNF-a genesHas been proven to be related to the remote endGastric cancer is significantly related..

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) helps to eliminate pathogens by presenting peptide fragments derived from pathogens to appropriate T cells. HLA gene is highly polymorphic, and someHLA alleles are related to the occurrence of gastric adenocarcinoma..Helicobacter pylori infection is also related to the occurrence of gastric adenocarcinomaBut its existence has nothing to do with the existence of these HLA alleles. Therefore, the importance of HLA alleles in Helicobacter pylori-mediated adenocarcinoma is still controversial.

Therefore, genetically predeterminedDominant pro-inflammatory Th1 response is associated with Helicobacter pylori disease..

On the other hand, the intensity of Th1 response may be limited by the production of anti-inflammatory Th2 cytokine IL-10, thusProlonging infection time. Th2 type reaction is caused by parasites. Therefore, the inflammatory reaction and pathological changes of people infected with Helicobacter pylori gradually weaken. This may lead to these individualsTime delay of progression from chronic gastritis to gastric cancer. In addition, different pro-inflammatory reactions may directly lead to different pathways of Helicobacter pylori-related pathology.

Gastric acid secretion

Th1 reaction mentioned above causes gastric parietal cells to inhibit their acid secretion. The environment with low acidity may promote the spread and persistence of Helicobacter pylori. In addition, whenGastric acid level is low.Microorganisms other than helicobacter pylori may grow in the human stomach, thusEnhance local inflammatory response.Pro-inflammatory cytokineandDecreased gastric acid secretionJoint action ofincreaseThe patients suffering from peptic ulcer and gastric cancerrisk.

On the other hand, when the secretion of acid decreases, duodenal ulcer is unlikely to occur. When the secretion of acid is enhanced, the risk of duodenal ulcer increases. However, it is alsoLow acidityUnder the conditions,The risk of duodenal ulcer may increase after Helicobacter pylori infection..

Gastric parietal cells control itAcid-producing abilityIt is important in the development of helicobacter pylori-related diseases. Helicobacter pylori infection mainly occurs in human stomach.Weakly acidic parts, such as the gastric antrum. Therefore, the host with high gastric acid secretion has a high density of Helicobacter pylori in the gastric antrum, and it mainly develops intoGastric antral gastritis. Subsequently, the intact parietal cells in the stomach are stimulated to secrete acid, thus inducing gastric metaplasia of the duodenum. Helicobacter pylori colonizes this gastric metaplasia, which may lead to duodenal ulcer.

On the other hand, the host with low gastric acid secretion is not only susceptible to Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric antrum, but also susceptible to Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric body. The infected Helicobacter pylori can further inhibit the acid secretion of gastric parietal cells. This can stimulate the continuous proliferation of gastric epithelial cells, leading toProgressive loss of gastric glands, eventually leading to gastric atrophy and cancer.

Environmental determinants

smoke

Some environmental factors are related to the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori. Smoking is the main factor in the development of gastric cancer. Tobacco smoke contains carcinogenic nitrosamines, which leads to the development of cancer.

High salt diet

Some dietary factors are related to helicobacter pylori disease. High-salt diet is associated with the increased rate of Helicobacter pylori colonization, gastritis and gastric cancer risk. High salt concentration leads to atrophy of parietal cells and destruction of mucosal barrier. However, only long-term high salt intake will increase the risk of Helicobacter pylori-related diseases.

High rice intake

There is a positive correlation between high rice intake and gastric cancer. Rice contains carbohydrates, which may irritate the gastric mucosa.

Low intake of fruits and vegetables

Low intake of fruits and vegetables may increase the risk of gastric cancer. Fruits and vegetables contain antioxidants vitamin C and beta-carotene, which can prevent cancer by neutralizing active oxygen.

Therefore, although several environmental factors are considered to be related to the occurrence of Helicobacter pylori-related diseases, their roles are often controversial. It is speculated that different environmental factors and the complex interaction between host and bacterial factors hinder the interpretation of the research results.

four

Bacterial determinants of helicobacter pylori infection　 　

The overall influence of Helicobacter pylori factors in the development of diseases is complicated. Up to now, several specific proteins of Helicobacter pylori related diseases have been described. These protein are believed to be the reason for the persistence of Helicobacter pylori. As a side effect, these Helicobacter pylori proteins induce and change the inflammatory process and damage the gastric epithelium, thus determining the outcome of Helicobacter pylori infection.

　CagA　

Compared with patients infected with cagA-negative Helicobacter pylori isolates, the colonization of Helicobacter pylori isolates carrying cytotoxin related gene A(cagA) is similar to that of patients infected with CagA-negative Helicobacter pylori isolates.The risk of severe gastritis, peptic ulcer and distal gastric adenocarcinoma is increased.Related.

The presence or absence of cagA gene of Helicobacter pylori is often used as a marker for the presence or absence of PAI in Helicobacter pylori. Cag PAI consists of about 30 genes and accounts for 50%-70% of all Helicobacter pylori isolates. The recombination between two 31 bp repeats flanking cag PAI may lead to the deletion or acquisition of the whole cag region.　　

The 18 genes on cag PAI are very important to the development of CAG PaiIt is very important to produce type IV secretion system.. Type IV secretion system transports proteins (related to virulence) in bacterial cells to the cytosol of host cells. This usually leads toInitiation of cascade reaction of epithelial cell reactionFor example, changes in cytoskeleton and secretion of cytokine IL-8.

In Helicobacter pylori, the components of type IV secretion system transport CagA protein to gastric epithelial cells. Subsequently, CagA protein was phosphorylated. Then, this phosphorylated CagA interacts with the host phosphatase SHP-2, causing the rearrangement of cytoskeleton. This leads to morphological changes of host cells, also known as "hummingbird" phenotype. PhenotypicCharacterized by cell diffusionProlonged growth of epithelial cells and the existence of platelet lipoprotein and filamentous pseudopodia.　

As a counteracting event, phosphorylated CagA interacts with host Src kinase, thus weakening the signal transduction of host SHP-2 phosphatase. This process reduces the rearrangement of cytoskeleton andPrevents further phosphorylation of CagA..

Recently, it has been proved that Helicobacter pylori strains induce a high level of CagA phosphorylation in vivo. Epithelial cells induce more cytoskeleton changes, which are more likely to be related to gastric cancer.Difference of phosphorylation level of CagAIt is composed of tyrosine phosphorylation motifs (TPM) in 30 regions of cagA gene.Difference in quantityCaused.　

Helicobacter pylori population needs minimal immune recognition. Therefore, in the shrinking niche, theseThe subclones with reduced TPM number induced a weak host immune response..　

On the other hand, higher levels of CagA phosphorylation can cause stronginflammatory reaction. This kind of inflammation will lead to atrophy and may play a role in niche acid stress that limits high acid output.

Through observation, it was found that Helicobacter pylori strains lacking cagA gene were isolated from patients with peptic ulcer or gastric cancer, although their frequency was lower than that of cagA-positive Helicobacter pylori strains.

The association between cagA and Helicobacter pylori-related diseases is different in different geographical areas. This variation may be related to the difference of CagA expression.　　

However, CagA is not unique. Helicobacter pylori protein is responsible for barrier dysfunction, and this process is not lost with the clearance of CagA. VacA protein discussed in the next section is also important.

　VacA　

It is initially shown that eukaryotic cells undergo vacuolation and continuous degeneration in an in vitro test system with Helicobacter pylori. It turned out that this phenomenon was caused byHelicobacter pylori toxinInduced, now known as vacuolar cytotoxin A(VacA).　

VacA or CagA alone cannot be used as a determinant of clinical outcome.

　How does VacA function and lead to cell death?

Helicobacter pylori VacA is a highly immunogenic 95-kDa protein. VacA binds to the apical part of epithelial cells to form anion selective pores.

Through these holes,Bicarbonate, chloride and ureaReleased from the cytoplasm, VacA is then endocytosed into the late endosomal compartments and changes the permeability of these compartments.

In the presence of weak alkali (such as ammonia), this will lead to the influx of water, which will lead to vesicle swelling and vacuole formation. intra-cellularInjury of endocytosis pathwayEventually lead tocell death.

This leads to the decrease of epithelial cell resistance, so low molecular weight molecules such as Fe3+ and Ni2+ can easily pass through the epithelial cell layer.Fe3+ and Ni2+ molecules are the key factors of Helicobacter pylori growth and urease activity, respectively..　

Therefore, it is speculated that Helicobacter pylori can obtain these key factors more easily by degrading the epithelial cell barrier.

Helicobacter pylori VacA alsoRelated to the degradation of parietal cellsThis leads to a decrease in acid secretion, making it easier for the host.Suffer from stomach cancer. Difference of VacA expression level during persistent infectionLead to toxicity change. Therefore,The growth and decline of ulcer can be explained by the change of VacA expression with time..

The transcription of vacA gene was induced near gastric epithelial cells in vitro. This discovery confirms the importance of interaction between VacA and host cells. In addition, VacA canEscape adaptive immune response, thusEnhance the persistence of helicobacter pylori in gastric mucus layer.　

　Helicobacter pylori outer membrane protein (HOPs)

Among gram-negative bacteria,The outer membrane mediates the interaction with its surroundings.. During infection, it is assumed that the protein existing on the outer membrane of Helicobacter pylori is changed, so that the recognition function of the host immune system is minimized.

Helicobacter pylori isolates contain about 30 different outer membrane proteins (Hops). Several of them are adhesins. In gram-negative bacteria, adhesin most often forms the structure of polymeric fimbriae. However, in Helicobacter pylori, theseAdhesion has adapted to the gastric environment., in whichAcidic conditionIt may make this polymer fimbriae structuredepolymerization.　

Fucoid glycosylatedglycoproteinAnd sialylatedglycolipidHave been proved to be helicobacter pylori in gastric epithelium.Binding site.

Adhesion to host cells can protectHelicobacter pylori is protected from peristalsis and mucosal shedding..　

In addition, it is speculated that adhesion can make Helicobacter pylori better obtain nutrients released from gastric epithelium, and it is moreEffectively deliver bacterial toxins to host cells..　

On the other hand, at the site of severe inflammation,Loss of adhesion characteristicsIt may make helicobacter pyloriEscape the killing of host immune cells.So far, some hops are related to the development of diseases.

Helicobacter pylori BabA (HopS) mediates the adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to human Leb blood group antigens, which exist in gastric epithelial cells. BabA adhesion promotes the colonization of Helicobacter pylori and increases the secretion of IL-8 by epithelial cells, resulting inIncreased mucosal inflammation.

Both mechanisms of BabA regulation are helpful to promote the dynamic response of chronic infection.

During chronic inflammation, all types of Leb binding can be obtained in all blood groups by choosing to increase or decrease the adhesion period.

The glycosylation pattern of host mucosa leads to the evolution of BabA, which adapts Helicobacter pylori strains to their individual hosts, whichHelps avoid host reactions.And cause helicobacter pylori infection worldwide.Abnormal long-term.

Virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori plasticity region

The comparison of the genome sequences of two isolated strains showed that about 6%-7% of Helicobacter pylori genes in one strain did not exist in the other strain, and vice versa.

About half of the strain-specific genes exist in hypervariable regions; Plastic zone. Genes located in this plastic region usuallyAssociated with increased virulence.　

In helicobacter pylori, the plastic region doesencodeRelated to type IV secretion.Vir ATPase. In Helicobacter pylori, this secretion system is important in, for example, secreting CagA cytotoxin. So far, some helicobacter pylori located in the plastic zonegeneAnd helicobacter pyloriRelated diseasesRelated.

Helicobacter pylori Jhp0947 and Jhp0949 are related to duodenal ulcer disease. These two genes are located in the plastic region of Helicobacter pylori strain J99, which is mediated by Helicobacter pylori.IL-12 releaseIt’s very important.

Extracted from monocytes in an in vitro test system. Cytokine IL-12 is essential to bias the immune response to pro-inflammatory Th1 response, and it is closely related to the formation of duodenal ulcer.

byjhp0947andjhp0949The function of the coded protein is unknown. However, it has been assumed that these proteins induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12 through interaction with monocytes.

The level of IL-12 increased.Will lead to the differentiation of naive T cells into activated Th1 cells, which will lead toIncreased inflammatory response and increased tissue damage..

HpJhp0950, which encodes a protein with unknown function, is also a part of J99 plasticity region. The existence of this gene is related to cagA, cagE, vacA s1m1, babA2, hopQ T1 and oipA.

Jhp0950 is adjacent to Jhp0949 in the genome of Helicobacter pylori J99. Unlike Jhp0949, Jhp0950 is not associated with an increased risk of duodenal ulcer. However, its association with disease supportsHelicobacter pylori gene located in plastic region may be related to toxicity.The point of view.

Other virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori

In the United States and the Netherlands, helicobacter pylori iceA1 gene (one of the two allelic variants of iceA gene) is infected by helicobacter pylori.peptic ulcerIn patients with helicobacter pylori infection.Gastritis patientIt is more common.　

Similar to many other virulence-related genes, the relationship between IceA expression and Helicobacter pylori-related diseases is as followsGroup dependenceYes.

In Southeast Asia, there is no correlation between iceA1 and Helicobacter pylori-related diseases. Interestingly, the Helicobacter pylori isolated from South Africa which was positive for iceA1 was infected by Helicobacter pylori.gastric cancerAmong patientsThan only inHelicobacter pylori infectedIt is more common in patients with gastritis.

Note: Helicobacter pylori iceA1 was originally identified after being exposed to gastric epithelial cells. The endonuclease encoded by iceA1 gene is very similar to restriction endonucleases NlaIIIR in Lactococcus, and the highly conserved activity of deoxyribonucleic acid adenine methyltransferase encoded by Helicobacter pylori seems to be related to the control of gene expression of Helicobacter pylori.

Helicobacter pylori Jhp1462 is associated with an increased risk of MAL T lymphoma, duodenal ulcer and gastric adenocarcinoma. The function of protein encoded by Jhp1462 is unknown, and its importance in the development of severe gastroduodenal diseases remains to be clarified.

Above, we can see that Helicobacter pylori has brought various adverse effects to the human body in various ways. It seems that it should not survive in the human body for a long time. However, Helicobacter pylori has a long history in the human body.So how does Helicobacter pylori protect itself and survive in the human body?

five

Determinants of Helicobacter pylori colonization and persistence

Before the disease occurs, Helicobacter pylori willLong-term infection of human gastric mucosa. Therefore, the factors leading to the colonization and persistence of Helicobacter pylori and the pathogenesis related to Helicobacter pylori are as followsinner link. After entering the gastric cavity, Helicobacter pylori must cope with gastric acid.

Helicobacter pylori passes through itacid resistanceSurvive in this acidic condition: then pass through the mucus layer to reach its position close to the gastric epithelial cells. Chemotaxis, motility and adhesion are important processes of gastric epithelial cell colonization.

In order to persist in human gastric mucosa for a long time, Helicobacter pylori still needs nutrition from its host. This is achieved by degrading the integrity of the mucous layer and the underlying gastric epithelial cells. In addition, throughInhibition of host immune system, antigenic variation and antigenic mimicryThe elimination of helicobacter pylori is avoided.　

acid resistance

The lower pH value of helicobacter pylori growth is5.0-5.5Depending on the isolate being tested. In the gastric mucosa, the pH is also acidic, varying from 4 to 6.5. Moreover, when the mucus layer is destroyed, the pH value may drop occasionally.　

Survival of Helicobacter pylori after acid shock (pH<3)Depending on the urease activity of Helicobacter pylori proteinThe enzyme converts urea into ammonia and bicarbonate. This causes the periplasm or cytoplasm of Helicobacter pylori to be neutralized. Urease activity of helicobacter pylori is important for survival in vitro at acidic pH and in animal modelsColonization of gastric mucosaIt is very important, which proves the importance of urease in Helicobacter pylori infection.

At neutral pHThe combination of highly active urease and acid-regulated urea channelsIt explains why the viability of Helicobacter pylori in human stomach is unique. Effective inhibition of UreI protein will provide a method to eradicate Helicobacter pylori from normal, acid-secreting stomach.

Besides acid resistance, urease also has other basic functions related to gastric colonization.

Although urease is essential for the survival of acid shock, Helicobacter pylori urease is not enough to deal with chronic acidic environment near gastric epithelial cells. useacid inhibitorTreatment could not restore the colonization ability of urease negative mutant in the stomach of dwarf piglets.　

Urease participates in nitrogen metabolism of Helicobacter pylori.Ammonia and bicarbonate produced by urease activity are considered to affect many cellular processes in the host, including cell lysis.　

In addition to urease,Non-urease genes also contribute to acid resistance.And the survival and growth at acidic pH have nothing to do with urease. Among these non-urease genes, three regulatory proteins (Fur, NikR and HP0166) have been shown to contribute to the adaptability of Helicobacter pylori. This shows the importance of strictly adjusting the acid resistance mechanism.　

Karin et al.,　FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2006　

NikR directly and indirectly regulates the expression of urease through Fur regulation system. CsrA regulates the expression of Fur and HspR regulatory systems. Through the interaction of different gene regulatory proteins, Helicobacter pylori can sense and respond to a variety of signals.

Chemotaxis and movement of cells

The gastric epithelial cell layer is covered with a thick layer of mucus. It is assumed that this layer is relatively impermeable even to small molecules. Helicobacter pyloriInitiative and chemotaxisIs effective in penetrating this mucus layer.key.

In the mouse infection model, almost any mutation of motor and chemotactic system genes eliminated the ability of Helicobacter pylori to infect gastric mucosa, and emphasized the importance of these factors to colonization.

motility

The motility of helicobacter pylori is through the existenceTwo to six polar sheathed flagellaAnd realized it. Flagella consists of three structural elements: matrix, hook and filament. Up to now, more than 50 species of protein are related to the structure or regulatory organization of flagella.

Flagella filament consists of two subunits FlaA and FlaB. FlaA and flaB mutants of Helicobacter pylori could not be colonized in the model of infected piglets, indicating that Helicobacter pyloriFlagella is necessary for colonization.The virulence of Helicobacter pylori is also increased.

The motB gene of Helicobacter pylori encodes the flagella motor rotation protein. Helicobacter pylori motB gene knockout mutant still contains flagella, but it can’t move. The ability of the mutant to colonize mice decreased, which confirmed thatExercise is necessary for complete infectivity..

The regulation of flagella gene transcription is different from many other bacteria. Contrary to many other gram-negative bacteria with flagella, Helicobacter pylori has no transcription regulator to regulate the transcription of flagella gene.　

It is speculated that the movement of Helicobacter pylori does not need strict regulation, because it is indispensable at any time. However, some transcriptional regulation can still be seen in Helicobacter pylori. For example, FlhA and FlhF in protein, the components of the matrix, need to appear before the transcription of flagella genes in the middle and late stages.

chemotaxis

In addition to mobility, chemotaxis is also essential for the colonization of Helicobacter pylori. Chemotaxis allows Helicobacter pylori to direct its movement to the gastric epithelial layer.

The chemotactic receptor sensor of Helicobacter pylori encoded by HP0099 recognizes bicarbonate and arginine as attractants. This sensor protein on the outer membrane of Helicobacter pylori is similar to that on the outer membrane of Helicobacter pyloriReaction regulator CheYCoupling.

CheY, a reaction regulator, regulates the expression of flagella motor protein and makes Helicobacter pylori swim to its niche.

A knock-out mutant of response regulator CheY failed to colonize in abiotic piglets, which emphasized thatThe Importance of Chemotaxis in Initial Colonization.

The knock-out mutant of CheY and its histidine kinase showed thatChemotactic response to mucin is weakened..

Immune evasion

In the long-term colonization process, the host has a strong immune response to a variety of Helicobacter pylori antigens. However, these antigens are usually not exposed on the surface.

On the other hand, the antigens exposed on the surface are usually highly diverse, which makes it more difficult for the host to eliminate Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter pylori infection rarely produces enough immune response to remove bacteria. In fact, Helicobacter pylori canEffectively avoid innate and adaptive immune responses..

The innate immune response can’t recognize Helicobacter pylori substantially. Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activates innate immune response through TLR4. However, Helicobacter pylori LPS is far from being an effective inducer of gene expression mediated by TLR4.　

In Helicobacter pylori, the activation efficiency of immune response mediated by TLR5 is also low. Compared with Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium flagellin, Helicobacter pylori flagellin is not released, and it is not so strong in activating IL-8 secretion through TLR5.　

The failure of innate immune response to recognize Helicobacter pylori may lead to the failure of adaptive immune response to subsequently clear the infection.

The escape of adaptive immune system is mediated by at least two important mechanisms:Antigen simulationandimmunosuppression. Antigen simulation leads to the host immune system can not correctly identify Helicobacter pylori. For example, the Le blood group antigen on Helicobacter pylori LPS is also expressed on human epithelial cells. As a result, the immunogenicity of Helicobacter pylori LPS is poor, which supports the persistence of Helicobacter pylori. The ability of Helicobacter pylori strains lacking O antigen on their LPS to colonize mice was significantly reduced. Therefore,The typical structure of Helicobacter pylori LPS is very important in colonization..

In addition to avoiding immunity through antigen simulation,Immunosuppression also contributes to the chronic infection of Helicobacter pylori..

The immune response may be biased towards a more anti-inflammatory response or down-regulated (VacA). VacA of Helicobacter pylori can block the fusion of phagocyte and lysosome in macrophages, so that macrophages cannot kill Helicobacter pylori.　

In addition, VacA expression blocks T cell activation and therefore proliferation, activates T cell apoptosis, and inhibits antigen presentation in T cells.

The antigen processing of B lymphocytes may be prevented, possibly by limiting the maturation of endosomes to MHC class II compartments where antigen loading occurs. Therefore,VacAT cell and B cell responses to Helicobacter pylori are limited..

The existence of Helicobacter pylori can prevent some diseases?

Through the above methods, Helicobacter pylori can survive in the human body. To some extent, Helicobacter pylori is not always harmful to human hosts.

Studies have shown that the existence of Helicobacter pylori may inhibit the bacteria that cause tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and prevent asthma, Crohn’s disease, esophageal reflux, diarrhea and esophageal cancer. The decline in the incidence of Helicobacter pylori is related to the increase in the incidence of allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases, multiple sclerosis and abdominal diseases in children.

Therefore, to some extent, Helicobacter pylori has its existence value. This has caused a discussion about whether it is necessary to eradicate Helicobacter pylori.

06

Is it necessary to eradicate Helicobacter pylori?

It needs to be clear that Helicobacter pylori infection will not immediately cause fatal harm and serious consequences to human body, and the diseases caused by chronic gastritis, digestive tract ulcer and gastric cancer are the result of long-term existence and chronic interaction with other factors.

The fifth national consensus report on the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection has the following statements:

The benefits of eradicating Helicobacter pylori vary among different individuals.

Eradication of Helicobacter pylori promotes the healing of peptic ulcer and reduces the incidence of ulcer complications. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori can alleviate about 80% of early gastric MALT lymphoma. Compared with the patients infected with Helicobacter pylori without symptoms and complications, the benefits of eradicating Helicobacter pylori in these patients are obviously greater. Individuals with high risk of gastric cancer include family history of gastric cancer, early gastric cancer after endoscopic resection, gastric mucosal atrophy and/or intestinal metaplasia. The benefit of eradicating Helicobacter pylori in preventing gastric cancer is higher than that of low-risk individuals.

Helicobacter pylori-related dyspepsia must be ruled out before a reliable diagnosis of functional dyspepsia can be made.

Helicobacter pylori gastritis patients with dyspeptic symptoms, eradication of Helicobacter pylori can make some patients’ symptoms get long-term relief, which is the preferred choice.

Helicobacter pylori infection is the main cause of peptic ulcer. No matter whether the ulcer is active or not and whether there is a history of complications, Helicobacter pylori should be detected and eradicated.

…

Generally speaking, for individuals who have no competitive factors (old age, co-existing diseases, community reinfection rate, health and economic factors, etc.), eradication of Helicobacter pylori treatment.The advantages outweigh the disadvantages.

Children:

Routine detection of Helicobacter pylori in children under 14 years old is not recommended. It is recommended to detect and treat Helicobacter pylori in children with peptic ulcer, and it is recommended to detect and treat Helicobacter pylori in children undergoing endoscopic examination due to indigestion.

Compared with adults, children’s eradication treatment has many unfavorable factors, including small choice of antibiotics and low tolerance to adverse drug reactions. In addition, children with Helicobacter pylori infection have a certain spontaneous clearance rate, and the reinfection rate after eradication may be higher than that of adults.

Older people:

The risk of adverse drug reactions in the treatment of helicobacter pylori eradication in the elderly is increasing, so the treatment of helicobacter pylori eradication in the elderly should be evaluated comprehensively and treated individually.

Questionnaire survey shows that most clinicians tend to be conservative about the treatment of eradicating Helicobacter pylori in the elderly. Generally speaking, the tolerance and compliance of the elderly (over 70 years old) to the therapeutic drugs for eradicating Helicobacter pylori are reduced, and the risk of adverse antibiotic reactions is increased; On the other hand, the potential benefit of eradicating Helicobacter pylori in patients with non-atrophic gastritis or mild atrophic gastritis to prevent gastric cancer decreased.

It is very important to treat the consequences of Helicobacter pylori infection reasonably, and whether it is necessary to intervene Helicobacter pylori infection in natural population needs to weigh the advantages and disadvantages comprehensively. For patients with eradication indications, standardized treatment is needed to improve the first eradication rate and reduce the occurrence of drug resistance.

07

Conclusion　

In the process of chronic infection, many strains are colonized in one host at the same time, and the genetic variation of Helicobacter pylori isolates makes it difficult to predict the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori from a single factor. The co-evolution of Helicobacter pylori and its host enables it to settle for life.　　

With the improvement of modern health environment and the extensive use of antibiotics, the growth and spread of Helicobacter pylori is becoming more and more difficult, and the infection rate among the younger generation is low, and the infection rate of Helicobacter pylori will further decline in the next few decades.

A better understanding of the dialogue between Helicobacter pylori and other gastrointestinal microflora may provide a new direction for preventing or treating its infection.If helicobacter pylori infection is found in the health test report of intestinal flora, it should be paid attention to.When treatment is needed, new treatment strategies and drugs should be evaluated, or alternative strategies should be formulated to control the virulence of bacteria, so as to avoid ulcers and gastric cancer without eliminating its positive effects.

Appendix: Discovery History of Helicobacter Pylori

In the early 1980s, Helicobacter pylori was first discovered as the cause of stomach diseases. This discovery helps researchers to associate Helicobacter pylori infection with gastritis, ulcer and gastric cancer.

In 1982, two Australian researchers, Barry Marshall and Robin Warren, described the role of Helicobacter pylori infection.

However, Warren and Marshall’s theory about the function of Helicobacter pylori was not immediately accepted by the medical community. At that time, most scientists didn’t believe that bacteria could live in human stomach.

Marshall could not further test his work in laboratory mice, nor was he allowed to conduct experiments on people. Marshall, a brave scientific researcher, thought of a way.

He decided to eat Helicobacter pylori himself. He extracted the bacterium from the patient’s intestine, put it in the broth and drank it.

A few days later, Marshall developed intestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, bad breath and fatigue. He had a gastric biopsy and was able to culture Helicobacter pylori, which proved that bacteria caused his symptoms.

The medical community finally accepted the idea that Helicobacter pylori causes ulcers and other intestinal problems, but the obstacles to acceptance were long.

In 1994, the consensus development meeting of the National Institutes of Health officially recognized the close relationship between Helicobacter pylori and ulcers. The group suggested antibiotic treatment for patients with ulcers.

In 1996, FDA approved the first antibiotic therapy for ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori.

A year later, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) launched a national campaign in cooperation with other government agencies and academic institutions to provide doctors and patients with information about the relationship between Helicobacter pylori and ulcers.

In 2005, Marshall and Warren won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Ulcer is no longer regarded as an incurable chronic disease, but a disease that can be treated by short-term antibiotics and acid secretion inhibitors.

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???? In August, 2014, the 10th meeting of the 12th the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) reviewed the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Advertising Law (Revised Draft) for the first time. From August 31st to September 30th, 2014, the revised draft was published on the website of China People’s Congress for public comments. After that, according to the opinions of the members of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) and various parties, the revised draft was revised, and the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Advertising Law (the second review draft of the revised draft) was formed. In December 2014, the second review draft of the revised draft was reviewed at the 12th meeting of the 12th the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC). The Advertising Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) (the second draft of the revised draft) is now published on China People’s Congress website. The public can directly log in to China People’s Congress website () to put forward their opinions, or send their opinions to the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) Legal Affairs Committee (No.1 Qianmen West Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100805). Please indicate the second review draft of the revised advertising law on the envelope for comments). Deadline for comments: January 19, 2015.

?

????People’s Republic of China (PRC) Advertising Law (Revised Draft) (Second Review Draft)

????Catalogue

????Chapter I General Principles

??? Chapter II Criteria for Advertising Content

??? Chapter III Advertising Code of Conduct

??? Chapter IV Supervision and Administration

??? Chapter V Legal Liability

??? Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I General Principles

????Article 1 This Law is formulated for the purpose of regulating advertising activities, protecting the legitimate rights and interests of consumers, promoting the healthy development of the advertising industry and maintaining social and economic order.

????Article 2 This Law is applicable to commercial advertising activities in People’s Republic of China (PRC) where commodity operators or service providers directly or indirectly introduce the commodities or services they promote through certain media and forms.

????Advertisers mentioned in this Law refer to natural persons, legal persons or other organizations that design, produce and publish advertisements by themselves or by entrusting others for the purpose of promoting goods or services.

????Advertising agents mentioned in this Law refer to natural persons, legal persons or other organizations entrusted to provide advertising design, production and agency services.

????Advertisers mentioned in this Law refer to natural persons, legal persons or other organizations that publish advertisements for advertisers or advertising agents entrusted by advertisers.

????Advertising spokespersons referred to in this Law refer to natural persons, legal persons or other organizations other than advertisers who recommend and certify goods and services in their own names or images in advertisements.

????Article 3 Advertisements should be truthful and lawful, and express their contents in a healthy way, which meets the requirements of building socialist spiritual civilization and promoting the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation.

????Article 4 Advertisements shall not contain false contents, and shall not deceive or mislead consumers.

????Advertisers should be responsible for the authenticity of advertising content.

????Article 5 Advertisers, advertising agents and publishers shall abide by laws and regulations, be honest and trustworthy, and compete fairly when engaging in advertising activities.

????Article 6 The administrative department for industry and commerce in the State Council shall be in charge of the supervision and administration of national advertisements, and the relevant departments in the State Council shall be responsible for the relevant work of advertising management within their respective functions and duties.

????The local administrative departments for industry and commerce at or above the county level shall be in charge of the supervision and administration of advertisements in their respective administrative areas, and the relevant departments of the local people’s governments at or above the county level shall be responsible for the relevant work of advertising management within their respective functions and duties.

????Article 7 Advertising industry organizations shall, in accordance with the provisions of laws, regulations and articles of association, formulate industry norms, strengthen industry self-discipline, promote industry development, guide members to engage in advertising activities according to law, and promote the integrity construction of the advertising industry.

Chapter II Criteria for Advertising Content

????Article 8 Advertisements that indicate the performance, function, origin, use, quality, composition, price, producer, expiration date, promise, etc. of commodities or the content, provider, form, quality, price, promise, etc. of services shall be clear and clear.

????If it is indicated in the advertisement that the promoted goods or services are accompanied by gifts, the variety, specifications, quantity, validity period and method of the gifts shall be clearly stated.

????The contents that should be clearly stated in advertisements as stipulated by laws and administrative regulations should be clearly and clearly expressed.

????Article 9 An advertisement shall not be under any of the following circumstances:

????(a) the use or disguised use of People’s Republic of China (PRC)’s national flag, national emblem, national anthem, military flag, military emblem and military song;

????(2) using or using in disguised form the name or image of a state organ or a functionary of a state organ;

????(3) using terms such as "national level", "highest level" and "best";

????(4) damaging the dignity or interests of the state and revealing state secrets;

????(5) Obstructing social stability and harming social public interests;

????(6) endangering personal and property safety and revealing personal privacy;

????(7) Obstructing public order or violating good social customs;

????(8) Content containing obscenity, pornography, gambling, superstition, terror and violence;

????(9) Content that contains ethnic, racial, religious and gender discrimination;

????(ten) hinder the protection of the environment, natural resources or cultural heritage;

????(eleven) other circumstances prohibited by laws and administrative regulations.

????Article 10 Advertisements shall not harm the physical and mental health of minors and disabled persons.

????Article 11 Where an administrative license is required for the matters involved in an advertisement, it shall be consistent with the contents of the license.

????Advertisements using data, statistics, survey results, abstracts, quotations and other citations shall be true and accurate, and the source shall be indicated. If the cited content has the scope of application and the validity period, it shall be clearly stated.

????Article 12 Where an advertisement involves a patented product or patented method, the patent number and patent type shall be indicated.

????Those who have not obtained the patent right shall not falsely claim to have obtained the patent right in the advertisement.

????It is forbidden to use patent applications that have not been granted patent rights and patents that have been terminated, revoked or invalid for advertising.

????Article 13 Advertisements shall not belittle the goods or services of other producers or operators.

????Article 14 An advertisement should be identifiable so that consumers can identify it as an advertisement.

????The mass media shall not publish advertisements in the form of news reports. Advertisements published through the mass media should be clearly marked with "advertisement", which is different from other non-advertising information and must not mislead consumers.

????Broadcasting stations and television stations shall abide by the provisions of relevant departments of the State Council on the length and manner of advertisements, and shall make obvious hints on the length of advertisements.

????Fifteenth narcotic drugs, psychotropic drugs, toxic drugs for medical use, radioactive drugs and other special drugs, pharmaceutical precursor chemicals, as well as drugs, medical devices and treatment methods for drug rehabilitation, shall not be advertised.

????Prescription drugs other than those specified in the preceding paragraph can only be introduced in medical and pharmaceutical professional journals jointly designated by the health administrative department of the State Council and the drug supervision and administration department of the State Council.

????Article 16 Drugs, health foods, medical devices and medical advertisements shall not contain the following contents:

????(1) Assertions or guarantees indicating efficacy and safety;

????(2) Explain the cure rate or effective rate;

????(3) Compared with other drugs, health foods and medical devices in efficacy and safety or other medical institutions;

????(4) Using the names or images of medical research institutions, academic institutions, medical institutions, trade associations, professionals, patients or other advertising spokespersons for recommendation and certification;

????(5) Other contents prohibited by laws and administrative regulations.

????Prescription drug advertisements should be clearly marked "This advertisement is only for medical and pharmaceutical professionals to read", and non-prescription drug advertisements should be clearly marked "Please purchase and use according to the drug instructions or under the guidance of pharmacists".

????Advertisements for medical devices recommended for personal use should be clearly marked with "Please read the product manual carefully or purchase and use under the guidance of medical personnel". If there are taboo contents and precautions in the registration certificate of medical device products, the advertisement shall clearly indicate that "see the instructions for details of taboo contents or precautions".

????Seventeenth pesticides, veterinary drugs, feed and feed additives advertisements shall not contain the following contents:

????(1) Assertions or guarantees indicating efficacy and safety;

????(two) using the name or image of scientific research institutions, academic institutions, technology promotion institutions, trade associations or professionals and users to make recommendations and certificates;

????(3) Explain the efficiency;

????(four) words, language or pictures that violate the rules for safe use;

????(5) Other contents prohibited by laws and administrative regulations.

????Eighteenth prohibit the use of radio, film, television, newspapers, periodicals, books, audio-visual products, electronic publications, mobile communication networks, the Internet and other mass media and forms to publish or publish tobacco advertisements in disguise.

????It is forbidden to set up tobacco advertisements in public places, building control zones of hospitals and schools, and public transport. It is forbidden to set up outdoor tobacco advertisements and window tobacco advertisements.

????The notice of relocation, renaming and recruitment issued by the producer or operator of tobacco products shall not contain the name, trademark, packaging, decoration and similar contents of tobacco products.

????Advertisements and public service advertisements for other commodities or services shall not contain the names, trademarks, packaging, decoration and similar contents of tobacco products.

????In addition to the provisions of the first and second paragraphs of this article, the publication of tobacco advertisements shall be approved by the administrative department for industry and commerce of the State Council and meet the following requirements:

????(a) no smoking image;

????(2) Do not induce or encourage smoking;

????(3) It is forbidden to express or imply that smoking is beneficial to human health, relieving fatigue and relieving mental stress;

????(four) shall not use low tar content, low harm and other terms;

????(5) Advertisements should clearly indicate that "smoking is harmful to health".

????Nineteenth alcohol advertisements shall not contain the following contents:

????(1) Inducing, encouraging or promoting excessive drinking;

????(2) drinking alcohol;

????(three) the performance of driving a car, boat, plane and other activities;

????(four) express or implied drinking can eliminate tension and anxiety, increase physical strength and other effects.

????Twentieth education and training advertisements shall not contain the following contents:

????(a) to enter a higher school, pass the examination, obtain a degree or certificate of qualification, or make an express or implied guarantee commitment to the effect of education and training;

????(two) express or implied that the relevant examination institutions or their staff and examination proposition personnel participate in education and training;

????(3) Using the names or images of scientific research institutions, academic institutions, trade associations, professionals and beneficiaries for recommendation and certification.

????Article 21 Advertisements for commodities or services with expected return on investment, such as investment promotion, shall have reasonable tips or warnings on possible risks and risk liability, and shall not contain the following contents:

????(a) to make a guarantee commitment to the future effect, income or related circumstances, express or implied capital preservation, risk-free or guaranteed income, unless otherwise stipulated by the state;

????(two) using the names or images of academic institutions, trade associations, professionals and beneficiaries for recommendation and certification.

????Twenty-second real estate advertising, housing information should be true, the area should be indicated as the construction area or interior construction area, and shall not contain the following contents:

????(1) Commitment of appreciation or return on investment;

????(two) the project location is expressed by the time required for the project to reach a specific reference object;

????(three) in violation of the relevant provisions of the state on price management;

????(4) misleading propaganda about transportation, commerce, cultural and educational facilities and other municipal conditions under planning or construction.

????Article 23 The advertisements for crop seeds, forest seeds, grass seeds, breeding livestock and poultry, aquatic fingerlings and breeding shall be true, clear and understandable in terms of variety name, production performance, growth or yield, quality, resistance, special use value, economic value, scope and conditions suitable for planting or breeding, and shall not contain the following contents:

????(1) Making an assertion that cannot be verified scientifically;

????(2) An assertion or guarantee indicating efficacy;

????(three) to analyze and predict the economic benefits or make a guarantee commitment;

????(four) using the names or images of scientific research institutions, academic institutions, technology popularization institutions, trade associations or professionals and users to make recommendations and certificates.

????Article 24 Except for drugs, medical devices and medical advertisements, it is forbidden to use any other advertisements that involve the function of disease treatment, and medical terms or terms that easily confuse the marketed goods with drugs and medical devices are not allowed.

????Article 25 An advertisement that deceives or misleads consumers with false or misleading contents constitutes a false advertisement.

????An advertisement is a false advertisement in any of the following circumstances:

????(1) The goods or services promoted do not exist;

????(2) Information such as the performance, function, origin, use, quality, specifications, ingredients, price, producer, expiration date, sales status and honors of the promoted goods, or information such as the content, form, quality, price, sales status and honors of the services, as well as promises related to the goods or services, are inconsistent with the actual situation and have a substantial impact on the purchase behavior;

????(3) using fictitious, forged or unverifiable scientific research achievements, statistical data, survey results, abstracts, quotations and other information as supporting materials;

????(4) Fictitiously using goods or receiving services.

Chapter III Advertising Code of Conduct

????Article 26 Radio stations, television stations, newspapers and periodicals publishing units engaged in advertising business shall set up institutions specializing in advertising business, be equipped with necessary personnel, have places and equipment suitable for advertising, and register advertising with local administrative departments for industry and commerce at or above the county level.

????Article 27 Advertisers, advertising agents and publishers shall conclude written contracts in advertising activities according to law.

????Article 28 Advertisers, advertising agents and publishers shall not engage in any form of unfair competition in advertising activities.

????Article 29 When an advertiser entrusts the design, production and publication of an advertisement, it shall entrust an advertising agent or publisher with legal business qualifications.

????Thirtieth advertisers or advertising agents who use the names or images of others in advertisements shall obtain their written consent in advance; Anyone who uses the name or image of a person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct shall obtain the written consent of his guardian in advance.

????Minors under the age of ten shall not be used as advertising spokespersons.

????Thirty-first advertising agents and publishers shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state, establish and improve the registration, examination and file management system for advertising business.

????Advertising agents and publishers shall examine relevant certification documents and verify the contents of advertisements in accordance with laws and administrative regulations. For advertisements with false contents or incomplete supporting documents, advertising agents shall not provide design, production or agency services, and advertisement publishers shall not publish them.

????Thirty-second advertising agents and publishers shall publish their charging standards and charging methods.

????Article 33 The coverage, audience rating, click-through rate, circulation and other information provided by advertising publishers to advertisers and advertising operators shall be true.

????Article 34 No unit or individual may design, produce or publish advertisements for products or services whose production and sale are prohibited by laws and administrative regulations, or for goods or services whose advertising is prohibited.

????Article 35 An advertising spokesperson shall recommend and certify commodities and services in advertisements, and shall be in accordance with the facts and the provisions of this Law and relevant laws and administrative regulations, and shall not recommend or certify commodities or services that he has not used or accepted.

????Article 36 Advertising activities shall not be carried out in primary and secondary schools and kindergartens, and advertisements shall not be published or disguised by using textbooks, supplementary materials, exercise books, stationery, teaching AIDS, school uniforms and school buses for primary and secondary school students and children.

????Thirty-seventh advertisements for drugs, medical devices, medical treatment, online games, cosmetics, beauty, health food and alcohol shall not be published in the mass media aimed at minors.

????Advertisements for goods or services for minors under the age of fourteen shall not contain the following contents:

????(a) to persuade them to ask their parents to buy advertising goods or services;

????(two) may lead to its imitation of unsafe behavior.

????Thirty-eighth local people’s governments at or above the county level shall organize relevant departments to strengthen the supervision and management of the use of outdoor places, spaces, facilities, etc., and formulate plans for outdoor advertising.

????Measures for the administration of outdoor advertising shall be stipulated by local regulations and local government rules.

????Thirty-ninth in any of the following circumstances, outdoor advertising shall not be set up:

????(a) the use of traffic safety facilities, traffic signs;

????(2) Affecting the use of municipal public facilities, traffic safety facilities and traffic signs;

????(three) hinder the production or people’s life, damage the appearance of the city;

????(four) in the state organs, cultural relics protection units, scenic spots and other building control zones, or in areas where the local people’s governments at or above the county level prohibit the installation of outdoor advertisements.

????Article 40 No unit or individual may send advertisements to his residence, means of transport, fixed telephone, mobile phone or personal e-mail address without the consent or request of the party concerned, or if the party concerned expressly refuses.

????Article 41 The provisions of this Law shall apply to advertising activities through the Internet.

????Internet information service providers using the Internet to publish advertisements shall not affect users’ normal use of the network. Advertisements published in the form of pop-ups on Internet pages shall be marked with a closing sign to ensure one-click closing.

????Forty-second managers of public places, telecom operators and Internet information service providers shall stop them from using their places or information transmission and publishing platforms to send and publish illegal advertisements that they know or should know.

Chapter IV Supervision and Administration

????Article 43 Before the release of drugs, medical devices, pesticides, veterinary drugs, health food and medical advertisements, and other advertisements that should be examined according to laws and administrative regulations, the relevant departments (hereinafter referred to as the advertisement examination organs) shall examine the contents of advertisements in accordance with the relevant laws and administrative regulations; Without review, it shall not be published.

????Article 44 When applying for advertisement examination, advertisers shall submit relevant supporting documents to the advertisement examination organ in accordance with laws and administrative regulations.

????The advertising examination organ shall make an examination decision in accordance with laws and administrative regulations, and send the examination and approval documents to the administrative department for industry and commerce at the same level. The advertising examination organ shall promptly announce the approved advertisements to the public.

????Article 45 No unit or individual may forge, alter or transfer the approval documents for advertisement examination.

????Article 46 The administrative department for industry and commerce may exercise the following functions and powers when performing the duties of advertising supervision and management:

????(a) to conduct on-site inspection of places suspected of engaging in illegal advertising activities;

????(2) Asking the party suspected of violating the law or its legal representative, principal responsible person and other relevant personnel, and investigating the relevant units or individuals;

????(three) require the parties suspected of violating the law to provide relevant documents within a time limit;

????(4) consulting and copying contracts, bills, account books, advertising works and other relevant materials related to suspected illegal advertisements;

????(5) sealing up and detaining advertising articles, business tools, equipment and other property related to suspected illegal advertisements;

????(six) ordered to suspend the publication of suspected illegal advertisements that may cause serious consequences;

????(seven) other functions and powers as prescribed by laws and administrative regulations.

????The administrative department for industry and commerce shall establish and improve the advertising monitoring system, improve the monitoring measures, and timely discover and investigate and deal with illegal advertising activities according to law.

????Article 47 The administrative department for industry and commerce of the State Council shall, jointly with the relevant departments of the State Council, formulate a code of conduct for advertising through mass media.

????Article 48 When the administrative department for industry and commerce exercises its functions and powers in accordance with the provisions of this Law, the parties concerned shall assist and cooperate, and shall not refuse or obstruct it.

????Article 49 The administrative department for industry and commerce, relevant departments and their staff have the obligation to keep confidential the business secrets they know in the advertising supervision and management activities.

????Article 50 Any unit or individual has the right to complain and report violations of this Law to the administrative department for industry and commerce and relevant departments. The administrative department for industry and commerce and the relevant departments shall publicly accept the telephone, mailbox or e-mail address of complaints and reports to the public, and the department receiving the complaints and reports shall, within seven working days from the date of receiving the complaints, handle them and inform the complaints and informants.

????If the administrative department for industry and commerce and relevant departments fail to perform their duties according to law, any unit or individual has the right to report to its superior organ or supervisory organ. The organ that receives the report shall deal with it according to law and inform the informant of the result in time.

????The relevant departments shall keep the complaints and informants confidential.

????Article 51 Consumer associations and other consumer organizations shall, in violation of the provisions of this Law, issue false advertisements that infringe upon the legitimate rights and interests of consumers and other acts that harm the public interests, and conduct social supervision according to law.

Chapter V Legal Liability

????Article 52 Whoever, in violation of the provisions of this Law, publishes false advertisements shall be ordered by the administrative department for industry and commerce to stop publishing advertisements, and the advertisers shall be ordered to eliminate the influence within the corresponding scope, and shall be fined between three times and five times the advertising expenses; if the advertising expenses cannot be calculated or are obviously low, a fine of between 200,000 yuan and 1 million yuan shall be imposed; If there are more than three illegal acts within two years or there are other serious circumstances, a fine of five times to ten times the advertising expenses shall be imposed. If the advertising expenses cannot be calculated or obviously low, a fine of one million yuan to two million yuan shall be imposed, the business license may be revoked, and the advertising examination authority shall revoke the approval document for advertising examination and refuse to accept its application for advertising examination within one year.

????If an advertising agent or publisher designs, produces or publishes an advertisement knowing or should know that it is false, the administrative department for industry and commerce shall confiscate the advertising expenses and impose a fine of not less than three times but not more than five times the advertising expenses. If the advertising expenses cannot be calculated or are obviously low, a fine of not less than 200,000 yuan but not more than 1 million yuan shall be imposed. If there are more than three illegal acts within two years or there are other serious circumstances, a fine of not less than five times but not more than ten times the advertising expenses shall be imposed. If the advertising expenses cannot be calculated or are obviously low, a fine of not less than one million yuan but not more than two million yuan shall be imposed, and the business license and the registration certificate for advertising release may be revoked.

????Advertisers, advertising agents and publishers who commit the acts specified in the preceding two paragraphs, which constitute a crime, shall be investigated for criminal responsibility according to law.

????Article 53 Advertisers who, in violation of the provisions of this Law, publish false advertisements to deceive and mislead consumers, thus damaging the legitimate rights and interests of consumers who purchase goods or receive services, shall bear civil liability according to law. If an advertising agent or publisher cannot provide the real name, address and effective contact information of the advertiser, the consumer may require the advertising agent or publisher to pay compensation in advance.

????If a false advertisement of a commodity or service related to consumers’ life and health causes damage to consumers, its advertising agents, publishers and spokespersons shall be jointly and severally liable with the advertisers.

????If false advertisements for goods or services other than those specified in the preceding paragraph cause damage to consumers, their advertising agents, publishers and spokespersons shall be jointly and severally liable with advertisers if they design, produce, publish or make recommendations or proofs while knowing or should know that the advertisements are false.

????Article 54 In case of any of the following acts, the administrative department for industry and commerce shall order the advertiser to stop publishing advertisements, and impose a fine of not less than 200,000 yuan but not more than 1 million yuan on the advertiser. The advertisement examination organ shall revoke the approval document for advertisement examination and refuse to accept its application for advertisement examination within one year. For advertisement publishers, the administrative department for industry and commerce shall confiscate the advertising expenses and impose a fine of not less than 200,000 yuan but not more than 1 million yuan:

????(1) Publishing advertisements under the circumstances prohibited by Articles 9 and 10 of this Law;

????(two) in violation of the provisions of article fifteenth of this law, advertising prescription drugs, medical equipment and treatment methods for drug treatment;

????(3) Publishing tobacco advertisements in violation of the provisions of Article 18 of this Law;

????(4) Publishing alcohol advertisements in violation of the provisions of Article 19 of this Law;

????(five) in violation of the provisions of article thirtieth of this law, using minors under the age of ten as advertising spokespersons;

????(six) in violation of the provisions of Article 34 of this law, using advertisements to promote products or services that are prohibited from being produced or sold, or to prohibit the publication of advertisements;

????(seven) in violation of the provisions of the first paragraph of Article 37 of this law, publishing advertisements for drugs, medical devices, medical treatment, online games, cosmetics, beauty, health food and alcohol in the mass media aimed at minors.

????Article 55 In case of any of the following acts, the administrative department for industry and commerce shall order it to stop advertising, and order advertisers to eliminate the influence within the corresponding scope, and impose a fine of more than one time but less than three times the advertising cost. If the advertising cost cannot be calculated or is obviously low, a fine of more than 100,000 yuan but less than 200,000 yuan shall be imposed; If the circumstances are serious, a fine of not less than three times but not more than five times shall be imposed. If the advertising expenses cannot be calculated or obviously low, a fine of not less than 200,000 yuan but not more than 1 million yuan shall be imposed, and the business license may be revoked, and the advertising examination organ shall revoke the approval document for advertising examination and refuse to accept its application for advertising examination within one year:

????(1) Publishing drugs, health foods, medical devices and medical advertisements in violation of the provisions of Article 16 of this Law;

????(2) publishing advertisements for pesticides, veterinary drugs, feeds and feed additives in violation of the provisions of Article 17 of this Law;

????(3) Publishing education and training advertisements in violation of the provisions of Article 20 of this Law;

????(four) in violation of the provisions of Article 21 of this law, publishing advertisements for commodities or services with expected return on investment, such as investment promotion;

????(5) Publishing real estate advertisements in violation of the provisions of Article 22 of this Law;

????(6) publishing advertisements for crop seeds, forest seeds, grass seeds, breeding livestock and poultry, aquatic fingerlings and breeding in violation of the provisions of Article 23 of this Law;

????(seven) in violation of the provisions of Article 24 of this law, involving the function of disease treatment in advertisements, and using medical terms or terms that easily confuse the promoted goods with drugs and medical devices;

????(eight) in violation of the provisions of Article 36 of this law, advertising in primary and secondary schools, kindergartens or using articles related to primary and secondary school students and children;

????(nine) in violation of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 37 of this law, publishing advertisements for goods or services for minors under the age of 14;

????(ten) in violation of the provisions of article forty-third of this law, advertising without examination.

????If an advertising agent or publisher designs, produces or publishes while knowing or should know that there is an illegal act stipulated in the preceding paragraph, the administrative department for industry and commerce shall confiscate the advertising expenses and impose a fine of more than one time and less than three times the advertising expenses. If the advertising expenses cannot be calculated or are obviously low, a fine of more than 100,000 yuan and less than 200,000 yuan shall be imposed; If the circumstances are serious, a fine of not less than three times but not more than five times the advertising expenses shall be imposed. If the advertising expenses cannot be calculated or are obviously low, a fine of not less than 200,000 yuan but not more than 1 million yuan shall be imposed, and the business license and registration certificate for advertising release may be revoked.

????Article 56 In case of any of the following acts, the administrative department for industry and commerce shall order it to stop publishing advertisements and impose a fine of less than 100,000 yuan on advertisers:

????(1) The contents of advertisements violate the provisions of Article 8 of this Law;

????(2) The contents quoted in advertisements do not conform to the provisions of Article 11 of this Law;

????(3) Advertisements involving patents do not conform to the provisions of Article 12 of this Law;

????(4) In violation of the provisions of Article 13 of this Law, advertisements belittle the goods or services of other producers and operators.

????If an advertising agent or publisher designs, produces or publishes while knowing or should know that there is an illegal act stipulated in the preceding paragraph, the administrative department for industry and commerce shall impose a fine of not more than 100,000 yuan.

????If an advertisement violates the provisions of Article 14 of this Law and is not recognizable, the administrative department for industry and commerce shall impose a fine of not more than 100,000 yuan on the advertisement publisher.

????Article 57 If a radio station, television station or newspaper publishing unit, in violation of the provisions of Article 26 of this Law, engages in advertising business without going through the registration of advertising, the administrative department for industry and commerce shall order it to make corrections, confiscate its illegal income, and impose a fine of not less than one time but not more than three times its illegal income; If the illegal income is less than 10,000 yuan, a fine ranging from 5,000 yuan to 30,000 yuan shall be imposed.

????Article 58 Where an advertising agent or publisher violates the provisions of Article 31 of this Law and fails to establish and improve an advertising business management system in accordance with the relevant provisions of the State, the administrative department for industry and commerce shall order it to make corrections and may impose a fine of less than 50,000 yuan.

????In violation of the provisions of Article 32 of this Law, advertising agents and publishers have not announced their charging standards and methods, and the competent price department shall order them to make corrections and may impose a fine of less than 50,000 yuan.

????Article 59 Where an advertising spokesperson is under any of the following circumstances, the administrative department for industry and commerce shall confiscate the illegal income and impose a fine of more than one time but less than two times the illegal income:

????(a) in violation of the provisions of Article 16, paragraph 1, item 4 of this law, making recommendations and certificates for drugs, health food, medical devices and medical advertisements;

????(2) In violation of the provisions of Article 35 of this Law, recommending or certifying goods or services that have not been used by them;

????(3) recommending or proving commodities or services in advertisements while knowing or should know that the advertisements are false.

????Article 60 Whoever, in violation of the provisions of Article 40 of this Law, sends advertisements to houses, means of transport, fixed telephones, mobile phones or personal e-mails shall be investigated and dealt with by the relevant departments in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws and administrative regulations. Where there are no provisions in laws and administrative regulations, the administrative department for industry and commerce shall order it to stop the illegal act and impose a fine of not more than 10,000 yuan.

????Article 61 If, in violation of the provisions of Article 42 of this Law, managers of public places, telecom operators and Internet information service providers know or should know that advertising activities are illegal and will not be stopped, the administrative department for industry and commerce shall confiscate the illegal income. If the illegal income is more than 50,000 yuan, they shall be fined between one and three times the illegal income, and if the illegal income is less than 50,000 yuan, they shall also be fined between 10,000 yuan and 50,000 yuan. If the circumstances are serious, the relevant departments shall stop the relevant business according to law.

????Article 62 If anyone, in violation of the provisions of this Law, conceals the true situation or provides false materials to apply for advertisement examination, the advertisement examination organ shall not accept or disapprove it, give a warning and refuse to accept the applicant’s application for advertisement examination within one year; If the advertisement examination and approval is obtained by cheating, bribery or other improper means, the advertisement examination organ shall revoke it, impose a fine of not less than 100,000 yuan but not more than 200,000 yuan, and refuse to accept the applicant’s advertisement examination application within three years.

????Article 63 Anyone who, in violation of the provisions of this Law, forges, alters or transfers the approval documents for advertising examination shall be confiscated by the administrative department for industry and commerce, and shall be fined not less than 10,000 yuan but not more than 100,000 yuan.

????Article 64 Any illegal act stipulated in this Law shall be recorded in the credit file by the administrative department for industry and commerce and publicized in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws and administrative regulations.

????Article 65 Where a radio station, television station or newspaper publishing unit publishes illegal advertisements, or publishes advertisements in the form of news reports, the administrative department for industry and commerce shall not only punish them according to this law, but also the relevant departments shall punish the persons in charge who are responsible and the persons who are directly responsible according to law. If the circumstances are serious, the advertising business of the media may be suspended.

????Article 66 Advertisers, advertising agents and publishers who violate the provisions of this Law and commit any of the following torts shall bear civil liability according to law:

????(1) damaging the physical and mental health of minors or disabled people in advertisements;

????(two) counterfeiting the patent of others;

????(three) belittle the goods and services of other producers and operators;

????(4) Using another person’s name or image in advertisements without consent;

????(five) other violations of the legitimate civil rights and interests of others.

????Article 67 If the legal representative of a company or enterprise whose business license has been revoked due to publishing false advertisements or other illegal acts stipulated in this Law is personally liable for the illegal acts, he shall not serve as a director, supervisor or senior manager of the company or enterprise within three years from the date when the business license of the company or enterprise is revoked.

????Article 68 Whoever, in violation of the provisions of this Law, refuses or obstructs the supervision and inspection by the administrative department for industry and commerce, or commits other acts that violate the administration of public security, shall be given administrative penalties for public security according to law; If a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law.

????Article 69 If an advertising examination organ makes a decision to examine and approve illegal advertising content, the responsible person in charge and the person directly responsible shall be punished by the appointment and removal organ and the supervisory organ according to law; If a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law.

????Article 70 If the administrative department for industry and commerce fails to investigate and deal with illegal advertising behaviors found in the performance of advertising monitoring duties or illegal advertising behaviors after complaints and reports, the responsible person in charge and the person directly responsible shall be punished according to law.

????The staff of the administrative department for industry and commerce and the relevant departments responsible for advertising management dereliction of duty, abuse of power, corruption, shall be punished according to law.

????Whoever commits the acts mentioned in the preceding two paragraphs and constitutes a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility according to law.

Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions

????Article 71 The state encourages and supports public service advertising activities, spreads socialist core values and advocates civilized fashion.

????The mass media have the obligation to publish public service advertisements. Newspapers, periodicals, radio stations and television stations shall publish public service advertisements in accordance with the prescribed layout, time slot and duration. Measures for the administration of public service advertisements shall be formulated by the administrative department for industry and commerce of the State Council jointly with relevant departments.

????Article 72 This Law shall come into force as of.

????

????Report of the Law Committee of the National People’s Congress on the Revision of the Advertising Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) (Revised Draft)

????The tenth meeting of the Standing Committee conducted a preliminary review of the Advertising Law (revised draft). After the meeting, the Legislative Affairs Committee issued the revised draft to all provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government, relevant departments of the central government and some universities and research institutions for comments. The revised draft was published in the full text of China People’s Congress website to solicit public opinions. The Law Committee, the Financial and Economic Committee and the Legal Affairs Committee jointly held a forum to listen to the opinions of relevant central departments and some NPC deputies on the revised draft. The Law Committee and the Legal Affairs Committee also went to Anhui, Chongqing, Yunnan and other places to conduct research and listen to opinions; And exchange views with the Financial and Economic Committee, the Legislative Affairs Office of the State Council and the State Administration for Industry and Commerce on the relevant issues of the revised draft for joint study. The Law Committee held a meeting on December 2, and reviewed the revised draft item by item according to the deliberation opinions of the members of the Standing Committee and opinions from all sides. Responsible comrades of the Financial and Economic Committee, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce and relevant comrades of the Legislative Affairs Office of the State Council attended the meeting as nonvoting delegates. On December 15th, the Law Committee held a meeting and deliberated again. The revision of the main issues of the Advertising Law (Revised Draft) is now reported as follows:

????1. Article 2 of the revised draft stipulates that the term "advertisement" as mentioned in this Law refers to a commercial advertisement in which a commodity operator or service provider directly or indirectly introduces the commodities or services he sells through certain media and forms at the expense. Some members of the Standing Committee, localities and units have suggested that this article is actually about the scope of adjustment of this law, and the current writing is not rigorous enough; Some suggested deleting "bear the expenses". After research, the Law Committee proposed to amend it to read: This Law shall apply to commercial advertising activities in which commodity operators or service providers directly or indirectly introduce the commodities or services they promote through certain media and forms in People’s Republic of China (PRC). (Paragraph 1 of Article 2 of the second review draft of the revised draft)

????II. Article 10 of the revised draft lists the contents that shall not be included in advertisements. Some members of the Standing Committee and departments suggested that in order to safeguard the dignity of military symbols and avoid misleading consumers, the use of military flags, military emblems and military songs in advertisements should be prohibited. After research, the Law Committee suggested that People’s Republic of China (PRC)’s "military flag, military emblem and military song" should be added or used in disguised form in the contents that advertisements should not contain. (Item 1 of Article 9 of the second review draft of the revised draft)

????3. Article 17 of the revised draft stipulates that drugs, health foods, medical devices and medical advertisements shall not be recommended in the name of medical research institutions, academic institutions, medical institutions, trade associations or professionals or patients. Some members of the Standing Committee and localities suggested that the above four kinds of goods and services are related to consumers’ life, health and personal safety, and their efficacy varies from person to person. Not only scientific research institutions, professionals and patients should not be used for recommendation certificates, but also the names and images of any other advertising spokespersons should not be used for recommendation certificates. After research, the Law Committee suggested that this provision should be amended as follows: Drugs, health foods, medical devices and medical advertisements should not be recommended or certified by the names or images of medical research institutions, academic institutions, medical institutions, trade associations, professionals, patients or other advertising spokespersons. (Paragraph 1 of Article 16 of the second review draft of the revised draft)

????IV. Articles 20 and 21 of the revised draft further restrict the media, forms, places and contents of tobacco advertisements on the basis of the existing provisions. In the deliberation and soliciting opinions of the Standing Committee, there are two different opinions on tobacco advertising: one holds that tobacco advertising should be completely banned in order to protect people’s health and prevent teenagers from smoking; Another view is that the provisions of the revised draft have been repeatedly studied and demonstrated by relevant parties in the State Council and should not be completely banned. After studying, the Law Committee suggested that tobacco advertisements should be more strictly restricted on the basis of the revised draft, and the relevant provisions should be revised as follows: First, it is forbidden to publish or publish tobacco advertisements in disguised form by mass media and forms such as radio, movies, television, newspapers, periodicals, books, audio-visual products, electronic publications, mobile communication networks and the Internet; Second, it is forbidden to set up tobacco advertisements in public places, building control zones of hospitals and schools, and public transport, and it is forbidden to set up outdoor tobacco advertisements and window tobacco advertisements; Third, the notice of relocation, renaming and recruitment issued by the producer or operator of tobacco products shall not contain the name, trademark, packaging, decoration and similar contents of tobacco products; Fourth, advertisements and public service advertisements of other commodities or services shall not contain the names, trademarks, packaging, decoration and similar contents of tobacco products; Fifth, tobacco advertisements approved by the administrative department for industry and commerce of the State Council must not show the image of smoking, and must not induce or encourage smoking.It is not allowed to express or imply that smoking is beneficial to human health, relieve fatigue and relieve mental tension, and it is not allowed to use terms such as low tar content and low harm, and it should be clearly marked as "smoking is harmful to health". According to the above amendments, except that tobacco advertisements approved by the administrative department for industry and commerce of the State Council can be posted and displayed in the shops of tobacco products monopoly points, and tobacco products advertisements approved by the administrative department for industry and commerce of the State Council sent by tobacco products producers to tobacco products sellers, all other forms of tobacco advertisements are prohibited. (Article 18 of the second review draft of the revised draft)

????5. Some members of the Standing Committee suggested that in order to better protect the rights and interests of minors and promote their healthy growth, advertising activities involving minors should be regulated according to the laws and characteristics of their physical and mental development. After research, the Law Committee suggested that the content criteria for advertising for minors under the age of 14 should be added: no content should be included to persuade minors to ask their parents to buy advertising goods or services; It shall not contain any content that may cause minors to imitate unsafe behaviors. (Paragraph 2 of Article 37 of the Second Review Draft of the Revised Draft)

????6. Some members of the Standing Committee and local governments and departments pointed out that newspapers, periodicals, radio stations, television stations and other mass media have great influence, and their advertising behavior should be further strictly regulated and their responsibilities should be strengthened. After research, the Law Committee suggested adding the following provisions: First, when broadcasting advertisements, radio stations and television stations should abide by the regulations of relevant departments of the State Council on the duration and methods, and should make obvious hints on the duration. Second, the mass media have the obligation to publish public service advertisements; Newspapers, periodicals, radio stations and television stations shall publish public service advertisements in accordance with the prescribed layout, time slot and duration. Third, if a radio station, television station, newspaper publishing unit publishes illegal advertisements or publishes advertisements in the form of news reports, in addition to being punished by the administrative department for industry and commerce according to law, the relevant departments should also punish the responsible person in charge and the directly responsible person according to law; If the circumstances are serious, the advertising business may be suspended. (Paragraph 3 of Article 14, Paragraph 2 of Article 65 and Paragraph 2 of Article 71 of the Second Review Draft of the Revised Draft)

????7. Some members of the Standing Committee, localities, departments and units pointed out that the Internet has gradually become an important medium for advertising. In practice, problems such as illegal online advertising and affecting users’ use of the Internet are more prominent. It is suggested to increase targeted regulations and strengthen the regulation of online advertising behavior. After study, the Law Committee suggested adding the following provisions: First, it is clear that all provisions of this Law are applicable to Internet advertising. Second, Internet information service providers use the Internet to publish advertisements, which shall not affect users’ normal use of the network. Advertisements published in the form of pop-ups on Internet pages shall be marked with a closing sign to ensure one-click closing. (Article 41 of the second review draft of the revised draft)

????8. Some members of the Standing Committee, localities and units have suggested that false advertisements deceive and mislead consumers, affect the healthy development of the advertising industry, and damage the social and economic order. It is suggested to further clarify the subject of responsibility and increase punishment. After research, the Law Committee suggested the following amendments: First, it is clearly stipulated that advertisers are responsible for the authenticity of advertising content, and those who publish false advertisements should bear corresponding legal responsibilities. Second, it is clearly stipulated that advertising agents and publishers who still design, produce and publish advertisements knowing or should know that advertisements are false, and advertising spokespersons who still recommend and prove goods and services in advertisements knowing or should know that advertisements are false, shall be given administrative punishment according to law. Third, it is clearly stipulated that advertising agents, publishers and spokespersons shall bear joint and several liability for false advertisements of goods or services that are related to consumers’ lives and health. (Articles 52, 53 and 59 of the second review draft of the revised draft)

????Nine, some members of the Standing Committee suggested that in order to further standardize advertising activities and protect consumers’ rights and interests, advertising supervision should be strengthened, and the responsibility of advertising supervision departments should be strengthened, and accountability should be implemented for inaction and chaos. After research, the Law Committee suggested adding the following provisions: First, the administrative department for industry and commerce should establish and improve the advertising monitoring system, improve the monitoring measures, and timely discover and investigate illegal advertising activities according to law. Second, if the administrative department for industry and commerce and relevant departments fail to perform their duties according to law, any unit or individual has the right to report to its superior organ or supervisory organ. The organ that receives the report shall deal with it according to law and inform the informant of the result in time. Third, if the administrative department for industry and commerce fails to investigate and deal with illegal advertising behaviors found in the performance of advertising monitoring duties or illegal advertising behaviors after complaints and reports, the responsible person in charge and the person directly responsible shall be punished according to law. (Paragraph 2 of Article 46, Paragraph 2 of Article 50 and Paragraph 1 of Article 70 of the Second Review Draft of the Revised Draft)

　　BEIJING, April 22 (Xinhua) According to the WeChat WeChat official account news of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, the second round and the third batch of central eco-environmental protection inspectors went deep into the field, verified a number of outstanding eco-environmental problems, and verified a number of formalism and bureaucratic problems such as inaction, slow action, failure to take responsibility, and even perfunctory response and fraud. In order to play a warning role and effectively promote the rectification of problems, the second batch of 8 typical cases are now publicly notified.

　　Tianrui Coking Company in Ruzhou, Henan Province arbitrarily discharges pollutants in the name of "zero emission"

　　Since 2017, People’s Daily, China Youth Daily and many other media have repeatedly named and reported the illegal sewage discharge of Ruzhou Tianrui Coal Coking Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Tianrui Coking) in Pingdingshan City, Henan Province, and the verifiable environmental protection 12369 people reported it more than 29 times. Recently, the Fifth Ecological Environmental Protection Inspector Group of the Central Committee found that the environmental violations of Tianrui Coking are still very prominent, and there are environmental violations such as abnormal operation of pollution control facilities and serious excessive discharge of sewage, which are of a bad nature.

　　I. Basic information

　　Tianrui Coking is located in the industrial cluster area of Ruzhou City, with facilities such as coal washing, coal preparation, coking, coke quenching and gas power generation. At present, there is a set of 1 million tons/year tamping coke reconstruction project, with an annual output of 50,000 tons of tar, 13,000 tons of crude benzene and 13,000 tons of ammonium sulfate, and an annual power generation of 270 million kWh. The project started construction in May 2011 and was completed and put into operation in November 2014. According to the requirements of project construction approval, Tianrui coking wastewater should achieve "zero discharge".

　　In 2018, the media reported that "a village was entangled in sewage: crops were damaged and villagers got strange diseases", and the source of pollution directly pointed to Tianrui coking in the industrial cluster area of Ruzhou City, causing social repercussions. To this end, the main leaders of Ruzhou Municipal Party Committee and Municipal Government went to the local area for investigation and disposal, and set up an investigation team composed of environmental protection, land, geology and mineral resources, safety supervision, forestry, public security and other departments to investigate, demanding to find the root cause of the problem and ensure the comprehensive elimination of pollution from the source. Due to the lack of in-depth and meticulous investigation, the Ruzhou Municipal Party Committee and the Municipal Government only implemented drinking water security measures for the villages around Tianrui Coking, and did not strictly urge enterprises to implement rectification from the source of sewage.

　　Second, the main problems

　　(a) illegal discharge of sewage.

　　Inspectors found that there was sewage discharged from the drainage outlet at the fence in the northeast corner of Tianrui Coking Plant, and the drainage was obviously black, with a large amount of oil on the surface and a very obvious tar smell. The inspectors followed the sewage flow direction. Through reconnaissance and drone survey along the line, it was found that Tianrui coking sewage meandered into a sewage pit without any anti-seepage measures on the northeast side of Zhaocun, which was less than 400 meters away from Ruhe River. Black mud was deposited in the ditch along the line, and oil flowers floated on the water surface. In order to further verify the situation, the inspectors made another surprise inspection at night, and found that a large amount of sewage was still discharged from the drainage outlet at the wall in the northeast corner of Tianrui Coking, and then entrusted the relevant statutory inspection units to conduct sampling and monitoring. The results showed that the concentrations of COD, ammonia nitrogen and cyanide in the discharged sewage exceeded the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Coking Chemical Industry (GB16171&mdash; 2012) Table 2 Direct emission standards are 0.5 times, 3.5 times and 1.4 times.

　　(two) the abnormal operation of pollution control facilities

　　On April 1st, inspectors inspected Tianrui Coking Plant and found that Fenton reagent (mainly including hydrogen peroxide and ferrous sulfate) was not added to the Fenton reaction process of the coking wastewater treatment station (using biochemical+Fenton+ultrafiltration+reverse osmosis treatment technology), and the treatment facilities were ineffective. Since the ultrafiltration reverse osmosis equipment was put into operation in 2014, the cumulative running time is only ten days. It was hastily opened during two surprise inspections by the inspector group, but it has been unable to operate normally due to long-term disrepair. A large number of instruments in the central control system were damaged and not repaired in time; The manual records of wastewater treatment station operation are similar in handwriting, copied in data and falsified in records. Nor did it install online monitoring equipment at the outlet of coking wastewater treatment station as suggested in the EIA report.

　　The effluent from Tianrui Coking Wastewater Treatment Station is mainly used for coke quenching. The sampling and monitoring of the coke quenching pool show that the concentrations of COD, ammonia nitrogen, volatile phenol and cyanide in the coke quenching water respectively exceed the Discharge Standard for Pollutants in Coking Chemical Industry (GB16171&mdash; In 2012), the indirect discharge standard in Table 2 is 2.0 times, 14.2 times, 22.7 times and 13.2 times, which indicates that the operation of the coking wastewater treatment station is extremely abnormal, and a large number of pollutants are transferred from liquid to gas, which pollutes the atmospheric environment through the external discharge of the coke quenching tower.

　　(3) Sewage is illegally mixed into the rainwater system and discharged

　　The inspector group further traced back to the drainage source in the northeast corner of the factory and found that it mainly originated from the rainwater collection system in the factory. The monitoring results of the rainwater collection pool (with a volume of 4500m3) and the main rainwater drainage well in the factory area show that the concentrations of COD, ammonia nitrogen and cyanide in the rainwater collection pool respectively exceed the Discharge Standard for Pollutants in Coking Chemical Industry (GB16171&mdash; In 2012), the indirect discharge standard in Table 2 was 1.7 times, 11.7 times and 6.6 times, and the concentrations of COD, ammonia nitrogen, petroleum and cyanide in the rainwater drainage well exceeded the standard by 1.9 times, 4.8 times, 5.1 times and 2.2 times respectively, indicating that a large amount of sewage was mixed into the rainwater system for indirect discharge.

　　The inspector group hired experts from coking industry to conduct on-site inspection, consult materials and calculate the water balance of the plant area. It was found that Tianrui Coking Company could not achieve "zero discharge", and it was preliminarily estimated that hundreds of tons of sewage were discharged every day. Then, the sediment in the drainage channel in the northeast corner of the factory was sampled and analyzed by the relevant legal testing unit. It was found that the content of benzopyrene was 4.82 mg/kg, which exceeded the Standard for Soil Environmental Risk Control of Agricultural Land (Trial) (GB15618&mdash; 2018) The screening value standard is 7.76 times; The content of petroleum hydrocarbon is 7050 mg/kg, which exceeds the Standard of Soil Pollution Risk Control for Construction Land of Soil Environmental Quality (Trial) (GB36600&mdash; 2018) The screening value standard of the second type of land use shows that the sediment has been obviously enriched with coking characteristic pollutants due to long-term sewage discharge.

　　Third, the reason analysis

　　Ruzhou Municipal Party Committee, Municipal Government and Ruzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone Management Committee paid insufficient attention to the sewage disposal in the local industrial cluster area and failed in management. Faced with the pollution problems repeatedly reported by the masses and even exposed by the media, the remediation work was superficial, and the symptoms were not cured. It was not until the inspector group made two surprise inspections that they organized forces to clear the sewage and black mud deposited in the ditches along Tianrui Coking Drainage, which was a problem of inaction at ordinary times.

　　The inspector group will further investigate and verify the relevant situation and do the follow-up inspection work as required.

　　Old accounts in Changyang mining area, Shaoyang County, Hunan Province have not been settled, but new accounts have been added.

　　In April, 2021, the sinking inspector of the Sixth Central Eco-environmental Protection Inspector Group found that the regional eco-environmental problems were very prominent and the ecosystem was infringed to some extent in Changyang Mining Area of Shaoyang County, Hunan Province, due to historical mine pollution, long-term illegal production of existing brick-making enterprises and illegal construction of the proposed project.

　　I. Basic information

　　Changyang mining area in Shaoyang county, Hunan province was once one of the main coal producing areas in Shaoyang county. In the past, coal mining operations were extensive, and ecological damage and environmental pollution problems were always serious. In 2014, with the tightening of industrial policies, local coal mining enterprises closed down one after another, but the ecological environment problems left over from the mining area have not been treated for a long time. In addition, the existing Shaoyang Xinlian environmental protection brick factory has been illegally occupying forests and taking soil for a long time, and the proposed Shaoyang Jidian Changle photovoltaic power generation project has rudely leveled the site, which has caused the ecological environment damage in this area to intensify.

　　Second, the main problems

　　(A) the ecological and environmental problems left over from the mining area have not been effectively treated for a long time.

　　At the peak of Changyang mining area, there were four coal mining enterprises, which were generally small in scale, with poor profitability and fierce competition in the same industry. These coal mining enterprises were simply unable to do a good job in ecological environment protection, which brought serious ecological environment problems to Changyang mining area. With the tightening of the coal industry policy, all the coal mining enterprises in Changyang mining area withdrew in 2014, and the remaining ecological and environmental problems were neglected for a long time. More than 55,000 tons of waste residue overturned a large number of woodland slopes, and the leaching water and mine water in the mining area directly discharged into Shiyan Reservoir. It was not until 2018 that Shaoyang County simply restored less than two-thirds of the mining area by using the land consolidation funds of Hunan Province. At present, dozens of acres of land in the whole mining area are still occupied by more than 20,000 tons of waste residue, and more than 10,000 tons of acid leaching water and mine gushing water are directly discharged into Shiyan Reservoir in six mines every day. According to field sampling and analysis, the pH value of wastewater is only 3.30, and the total iron concentration is as high as 354 mg/L, which is equivalent to the Emission Standard for Pollutants in Coal Industry (GB 20426&mdash; 59 times that of 2006. Shiyan Reservoir, with a total storage capacity of 2.6 million cubic meters, is the most important water source for local production. At present, the whole reservoir is dark yellow with high concentrations of iron and manganese.

　　(2) Shaoyang Xinlian Environmental Protection Brick Factory has repeatedly banned deforestation.

　　The brick factory is located in Xinlian Village, Changle Township, Shaoyang County, adjacent to the north side of Shiyan Reservoir. It started production in 2014, with an annual output of 30 million shale bricks. On-the-spot inspection found that the management of the factory was extensive, the factory was dusty, the simple desulfurization and dust removal facilities were not operating normally, the borrow yard was illegally operated, and the mountains were cut down to destroy forests. Moreover, the factory has not obtained the administrative license from the forestry and natural resources departments of Shaoyang County so far. In 2017, the Shaoyang County Safety Committee reported to the county party committee and the county government about the illegal production of the factory reported by the masses. Shaoyang county forestry department, natural resources department (former land and resources department) and Changle township comprehensive administrative law enforcement brigade have repeatedly investigated and dealt with the factory’s unauthorized occupation of forest land and illegal exploitation of mineral resources, but all of them were fined; The eco-environmental department has investigated and dealt with the eco-environmental pollution of the factory for many times, but the illegal activities of the enterprise have been repeatedly banned, and the "sick" production has been carried out for a long time, which has led to the enterprise becoming more and more reckless.

　　(3) Shaoyang Jidian Changle Photovoltaic Project illegally constructed a rough and flat site

　　Shaoyang Jidian Changle Photovoltaic Project is an investment project strongly introduced by Shaoyang County, with a designed installed capacity of 100,000 kilowatts, including 57,000 kilowatts in the first phase of the project, covering an area of 967 mu. One plot of the project is adjacent to Shaoyang Xinlian Environmental Protection Brick Factory. Shaoyang county spared no effort to introduce the project, and acquiesced in the enterprise organization to clean up and level the land when the project procedures were not perfect. During the on-site inspection, it was found that the enterprise burned mountains in a large area.

　　Third, the reason analysis

　　The long-standing problem of ecological environment in Changyang mining area of Shaoyang County reflects that Shaoyang county party committee and government do not understand the new development concept deeply, pay insufficient attention to ecological environment protection, and act slowly on environmental protection and people’s livelihood issues. The ecological and environmental problems in Changyang mining area have existed for more than 20 years, and the local area has not raised funds for ecological restoration and environmental protection for a long time. It was not until 2018 that provincial funds were used to do some restoration work; The illegal acts of enterprises and projects within the jurisdiction shall be managed by fines, and the illegal enterprises shall be acquiesced or even connived in their barbaric operation and production, ignoring their damage to the ecological environment and dereliction of duty.

　　The inspector group will further investigate and verify the relevant situation and do the follow-up inspection work as required.

　　The problem of illegal construction of destructive mining in Fengshan World Geopark, Hechi City, Guangxi Province is outstanding.

　　In April, 2021, when inspecting Hechi City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, the Seventh Central Eco-environmental Protection Inspector Group found that the protection of Fengshan World Geopark made way for project development, resulting in the illegal approval of national geological relics and some protected areas for mineral resources and real estate development. The problem is very prominent.

　　I. Basic information

　　Guangxi Fengshan Karst Geopark was approved as a national geological park by the former Ministry of Land and Resources in September 2005. October 2010 "Planning of Fengshan Karst National Geopark in Guangxi (2009&mdash; 2020) (hereinafter referred to as "Park Planning") was approved by the former Ministry of Land and Resources, with a total area of 132.6 square kilometers. The main scenic spots are Sanmen Sea Scenic Area, Chuanlong Rocks Scenic Area and Xianrenqiao Scenic Area. In October, 2010, UNESCO approved it as a world geological park, which is the only one in Guangxi at present. It has unique geological relic landscapes such as the world’s large stalagmite group, the world’s skylight group, the world’s highest underground cave canyon, the Tiansheng Bridge with the second span in China, and the eternal mystery Yuanyang Spring, which has high aesthetic value, scientific value and popular science value.

　　Second, the existing problems

　　(A) illegal mining, serious ecological damage

　　Liangli Quarry in Fengshan County is located in the third-class protection zone of Fengshan Karst Geopark. The Regulations on the Protection and Management of Geological Relics and the Park Planning clearly stipulate that quarrying and mining are prohibited in this area, but the relevant departments of Fengshan County ignored the protection regulations. In the process of transferring mining rights in this area, the former Fengshan County Tourism Bureau, as the competent department of Geopark, issued the opinion that "this plot does not belong to the scope of geological relics protection list" in October 2012. In October 2015, the former Fengshan County Land and Resources, In March 2018, Fengshan County People’s Government issued and implemented the Master Plan of Mineral Resources in Fengshan County (2016&mdash; 2020), continue to open the way for mineral development, and adjust the area where Liangli Quarry is located out of the geological park and plan it as an exploitable area. In November 2018, the company was not only able to renew its license, but the mining scale was expanded from 100,000 tons/year to 500,000 tons/year. On-the-spot inspection found that Liangli Quarry has been illegally mined for a long time, and the ecological damage is serious. The inspector group also found that due to poor supervision, marble was illegally mined at the Poxiongbao quarry in the first-class protected area near Yuanyang Cave, resulting in the excavation of the mountain and serious ecological damage.

　　(two) illegal development of real estate, geological and geomorphological damage.

　　The Fengshan County Party Committee and the county government ignored the requirements for the protection and management of the geopark, and carried out real estate development in the name of tourism development. They held several meetings to actively promote three real estate projects, including World Shouyuan City, Sanmenhai Shouyuan Sunshine and Fengshan Fengqi Taoyuan Ecological Wisdom Longevity and Health Care Base (hereinafter referred to as Fengqi Taoyuan), which were successively launched in the geopark protection area. Among them, Fengqi Taoyuan Project has also been declared as the second batch of major projects in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 2020. The project plans to occupy an area of 13.3 hectares of secondary protected areas, and a Kangyang Consulting Center (2 floors) and a health-care apartment (6 floors) have been built, seriously damaging the national geological heritage site of Taohuayuan Depression in Neilong. In order to solve this problem, on March 31st, 2021, Fengshan county government held urgent consultations with the project unit, and arranged 120 million yuan of financial funds to return the land transfer fee (74 million yuan), the investment in the early stage of construction (20 million yuan) and the land appreciation estimate (26 million yuan) of the builder, and demolished related buildings. Illegal decision-making has caused financial losses at the county level, and the lesson is profound.

　　In addition, due to the lack of control, the indigenous residents in the first-class protected area on both sides of the entrance of the world-class ruins of Sanmen Sea Skylight Group developed tourism in disorder, and built many high-rise hotels and health halls, which was extremely out of harmony with the surrounding geological landscape and affected geological protection.

　　(3) Deliberately adjust the regulations to protect and make way for development.

　　Fengshan County People’s Government organized and published the Planning of Fengshan Karst National Geopark in Guangxi (2020&mdash; In 2030), most of the existing development projects in the planning were downgraded. Among them, the first-class protected area at Dongkou, a world-class relic of Sanmenhai Skylight Group, the third-class protected area where Sanmenhai World Shouyuan City and Sanmenhai Shouyuan Sunshine Real Estate Project are located, and the second-class protected area where Sanmenhai Shouyuan Health Tourism Holiday Project is located have been adjusted to residential areas; The second-class protected area where Fengqi Taoyuan Project is located and the third-class protected area where Liangli Quarry is located are adjusted to natural ecological areas; The first-class protected area involved in the original Poxiongbao illegal quarry was adjusted to a third-class protected area; The third-class protected areas involved in the second phase of Yuanyangquan mining area, a demonstration project of mine geological environment management, were adjusted to natural ecological areas. The plan also downgraded many former national and provincial geological heritage protection points to provincial, city and county geological heritage protection points under the condition of insufficient reasons and improper procedures, and reserved many plots for tourism service facilities that are incompatible with the landscape environment.

　　Third, the responsibility analysis

　　The Fengshan County Party Committee and the county government didn’t know enough, and the problems of chaos and inaction were prominent. They ignored the responsibility of protection, pushed forward the project construction in violation of regulations, and then blindly adjusted the planning in an attempt to make the illegal projects compliant. The Fengshan World Geopark Management Committee is lax in supervision and improper in performing its duties, and turns a blind eye to the long-standing illegal and illegal projects in the park reserve.

　　The inspector group will further investigate and verify the relevant situation and do the follow-up inspection work as required.

　　The environmental problem of domestic waste treatment plant in Jinghong City, Yunnan Province is that it is a pollution control facility but has become a "pollution source"

　　In April, 2021, the inspector of Xishuangbanna Prefecture, Yunnan Province, which was sunk by the Eighth Ecological Environmental Protection Inspector Group of the Central Committee, found that the operation and management of the municipal solid waste treatment plant in Jinghong City was extremely irregular, and the environmental violations were prominent. It was originally a pollution control facility, but it became a "pollution source".

　　I. Basic information

　　The municipal solid waste treatment plant in Jinghong City, Xishuangbanna Prefecture is located in Jiangbei Street, Jinghong City. It was completed and put into use in May 2004. The total designed landfill capacity is 4.5 million cubic meters, and the daily landfill capacity is 298 tons. It is equipped with leachate treatment facilities with a daily treatment capacity of 130 cubic meters. At present, the actual daily landfill volume is about 650 tons, and 4.2 million cubic meters of garbage has been landfilled. The treatment plant is managed and operated by Environmental Sanitation and Cleaning Co., Ltd. under Jinghong City Administration Bureau. On-site inspection found that the pollution control facilities of the treatment plant did not operate for a long time, and some landfill leachate was directly discharged, which caused serious environmental pollution and prominent risk hazards.

　　Second, the main problems

　　(A) pollution control facilities are in the same shape.

　　On-site access to the operating ledger of the leachate treatment station of Jinghong Municipal Waste Treatment Plant found that since 2018, the leachate treatment facility has been shut down for many times and for a long time. According to incomplete statistics, from 2018 to 2020, the outage was 231 days, 172 days and 160 days respectively. In addition, the online monitoring facility of leachate treatment station has been idle since it was installed in December 2019. Even in March 2021, when Xishuangbanna Ecological Environment Bureau found the problem and put it on file for investigation, the treatment station still went its own way without rectification. It was not until April 7, 2021, when the inspector group inspected the site, that the equipment side was entrusted to debug the equipment, and the online monitoring facilities were left idle for more than a year.

　　(B) Direct discharge of some leachate pollutes the environment.

　　According to statistics, the daily output of leachate in this treatment plant is about 150 cubic meters, while the actual treatment capacity of leachate treatment station is only 120 cubic meters/day, and the surplus can only be reinjected to the garbage dump. On January 25, 2021, the Southwest Supervision Bureau of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment found that part of the leachate in the treatment plant was directly discharged through the groundwater diversion canal under the impermeable membrane at the bottom of the landfill area, which seriously polluted the external environment. The results of on-site sampling and monitoring show that the COD concentration and ammonia nitrogen concentration of the leachate discharged are 5420 mg/L and 132 mg/L, respectively exceeding the Pollution Control Standard for Domestic Waste Landfills (GB16889&mdash; 2008) 53.2 times and 4.3 times of the limit in Table 2.

　　(3) The leachate in the site is "wantonly cross-flowing"

　　The treatment plant has never been dredged since it was built in 2004, and the diversion canal has been seriously silted and lost its function, resulting in some leachate not entering the regulation tank normally through the diversion canal and only overflowing from the top of the landfill area. On-site inspection found that the surface sewage in some areas of the site that have been closed, covered with plastic film and covered with soil "flows freely", forming secondary pollution.

　　(D) Environmental risks are prominent.

　　The leachate regulating tank of the treatment plant has a design volume of 35,000 cubic meters. Since 2019, leachate has been accumulated at a high level for a long time. On-site inspection found that about 30,000 cubic meters of untreated leachate had been accumulated. At the same time, there is no accident emergency pool in the treatment plant, and the leachate treatment facilities have insufficient treatment capacity and can’t operate normally for a long time. With the arrival of the rainy season, extreme weather such as continuous rainstorm is likely to overflow the external environment, and the potential environmental risks are very prominent.

　　Third, the reason analysis

　　Jinghong municipal government failed to promote the harmless disposal of domestic garbage. In 2018 and 2019, the Housing and Urban-Rural Development Bureau of Jinghong City and the Urban Management Bureau respectively made written reports to the Jinghong Municipal Government on the outstanding environmental risks of leachate in the garbage disposal site, but the Jinghong Municipal Government paid insufficient attention to it, neither studied and deployed it, nor urged it to solve it, allowing various environmental problems in the garbage disposal site to persist. In view of the serious over-disposal of domestic waste in Jinghong City, which is close to full capacity, Jinghong Municipal Government has not strongly promoted the construction of waste incineration power generation project. The waste incineration power generation project planned to start in 2016 is still in the early stage of site leveling.

　　The inspector group will further investigate and verify the relevant situation and do the follow-up inspection work as required.

　　The pollution problem of Nanbaishi River in Qingxu County, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province has not been fundamentally solved.

　　In April, 2021, the first ecological environmental protection inspector group of the Central Committee conducted on-site inspections in Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province. Inspectors found that Qingxu County in Taiyuan City had low standards, weak measures and poor progress in pollution control in Nanbaishi River Basin. Some fundamental problems affecting river water quality have not been solved for a long time, and the goal of stably eliminating inferior V water bodies has not been achieved.

　　I. Basic information

　　In June, 2017, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader made an important instruction during his inspection in Shanxi that "we must attach great importance to the ecological environment protection of the Fenhe River, so as to make this mother river in Shanxi rich in water, good in water quality and beautiful in scenery". In September 2019, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized at the symposium on ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin that the pollution problems of tributaries such as the Fenhe River are outstanding, and the tributaries with serious pollution such as the Fenhe River should make great efforts to promote governance. The Shanxi Provincial Party Committee and the provincial government attached great importance to this and issued a series of document schemes to promote the solution of the problem of inferior V water bodies.

　　Nanbaishi River is a secondary tributary of Fenhe River and an important "capillary" of the Yellow River, and its water quality is inferior to Grade V for a long time. In April 2019, Shanxi Province was listed to supervise the serious pollution problem in Nanbaishi River Basin, and restricted the approval of wading projects in Qingxu County, and clearly required that the water quality of Nanbaishi River should meet the Class V standard in 2019 and 2020. Taiyuan also requires that the water quality of Nanbaishi River should be steadily withdrawn from the inferior V category in 2020.

　　Second, the main problems

　　(A) simple pollution control facilities, in order to meet the standards.

　　Qingxu County has not made great efforts in rain and sewage diversion, sewage interception and management, and improvement of treatment capacity. Instead, it has found shortcuts to cope with it and meet the standards for "reaching the standards". When the assessment time limit is approaching in late October 2020, the monitoring section &mdash; A simple treatment facility is built about 300 meters upstream of the Meijin Bridge section, and the river water is pumped into the facility, treated by adding sodium hypochlorite chemicals and discharged into the river. The environmental quality report of surface water in Shanxi Province shows that the average annual water quality of Meijinqiao section in 2020 meets the requirements of class V assessment. The inspector found that the treatment facility has no biochemical section, and it only relies on chemical addition to remove ammonia nitrogen, and it is purely manual, without accurate measurement and effective control. It is extremely unstable and seems to be "medicine stops the disease", but in fact it is "medicine stops the disease". The data from automatic water quality monitoring stations with higher monitoring frequency show that from July 2020 to March 2021, more than 30% of the days have higher ammonia nitrogen concentration, and the water bodies become worse than Grade V.. On the eve of the inspector’s arrival, Qingxu County began to dismantle the simple facility and rebuild it to the upstream, but the process did not change. In addition, sodium hypochlorite is a strong oxidant, which will lead to the increase of pH value of river water and bring negative impact on water ecology.

　　(B) the sewage treatment capacity is insufficient, and the river interception is ineffective.

　　The pollution of Nanbaishi River mainly comes from the domestic sewage from nearly ten villages in the upstream and farmland backwater mixed with Donghu backwater channel and Jiudou backwater channel. In 2017, Qingxu County started to build a sewage treatment plant with a treatment scale of 10,000 tons/day, but adopted the method of "intercepting the river and intercepting the pollution", and set up a dam in the backwater channel, and planned to intercept all rainwater and sewage in the channel for post-treatment. At present, the amount of rainwater and sewage in the two return canals sometimes reaches 15,000 cubic meters per day, and the amount of water is even greater in the rainstorm season, so the sewage treatment capacity seems to be "inadequate". In addition, "blocking the river and intercepting the sewage" has caused problems such as low influent concentration and inefficient operation of sewage treatment plants.

　　The inspector found that the sewage from the East Lake backwater channel was pumped into the sewage treatment plant by the water pump at the dam. Because the sewage treatment plant has been running at full capacity, only about 1,500 cubic meters can be pumped every day, and a large amount of sewage has crossed the dam and entered the river downstream. The ammonia nitrogen concentration in the water body has been as high as 30 mg/L for a long time. The sewage from Jiudou backwater channel flows into the sewage treatment plant by itself at the dam. Due to the inability to collect and digest it in time, the river water crosses the dam. Although an earth dam is temporarily built downstream, the sewage in the dam still enters the river in rainy days.

　　(3) The progress of sewage interception and acceptance is slow, and the pipe network project is perfunctory.

　　The main reason for the pollution of Donghu backwater and Jiudou backwater is that the domestic sewage in villages and towns along the upstream is not collected and merged with rainwater. The inspector found that the sewage interception and management project implemented in Qingxu County was perfunctory and did not play its due role. At the end of 2019, Qingxu County implemented the rainwater and sewage diversion pipeline laying project of Jiudou Backwater Canal, only designed and built the main network, but not the supporting branch pipes for collecting sewage. The rainwater and sewage still merged in the pipe network, which did not solve the problems of large inflow and low concentration that plagued the sewage treatment plant. Because the combined water volume is too large and the pipeline transportation capacity is insufficient, many overflow ports along the line discharge sewage into Jiudou backwater channel. Up to now, the sewage interception and pipe collection project in the upstream village of East Lake backwater channel has not been built, and two backwater channels have formed a sewage belt several kilometers long in Qingxu County.

　　(D) River regulation is weak, and environmental impact exists for a long time.

　　Sediment pollution is also an important cause of water pollution in Donghu backwater and Jiudou backwater. In the past, there have been a large number of heavily polluting enterprises such as chemical industry around Nanbaishi River, Donghu Reclamation Canal and Jiudou Reclamation Canal. The illegal discharge and direct discharge of sewage have led to the accumulation of a large number of pollutants in river sediment. Although the relevant enterprises have been shut down, the impact of sediment pollution has always existed. At the same time, a large number of solid wastes such as coal gangue are buried around the canal, which also has a certain impact on water quality.

　　In 2019, when Shanxi Province supervised the listing of Nanbaishi River, it explicitly requested that garbage cleaning and sediment dredging should be carried out around Jiudou backwater canal and Donghu backwater canal, and coal gangue, fly ash and industrial waste residue in Qingxu fine chemical recycling industrial park should be thoroughly cleaned up to eliminate the impact of leachate such as solid waste on the water environment. The inspector found that Qingxu County did not pay attention to the river regulation and the reconstruction of the backwater channel, but only dredged and dredged some rivers in the backwater channel of East Lake, and the polluted sediment was never removed. The Jiudou backwater channel only completed part of the dredging work, and the industrial solid waste buried around it was not completely cleaned up. According to the sampling monitoring of Shanxi Provincial Department of Ecology and Environment in October, 2020, the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen in the sediment of Donghu Reclamation Canal, Jiudou Reclamation Canal and Nanbaishi River were 189.5 mg/kg, 273 mg/kg and 403.5 mg/kg respectively.

　　Third, the reason analysis

　　The local Party committee and government are not determined to implement the decision-making and deployment of the Shanxi Provincial Party Committee and the provincial government on Fenhe River basin management, and the sense of mission and responsibility for defending the clear water is not strong, and the overall pattern of ecological and environmental protection is still not perfect. After repeatedly pointing out the problems in Shanxi Province and Taiyuan City, they have been perfunctory and delayed for a long time, and the related problems affecting the pollution of Nanbaishi River have not been fundamentally solved, and the water environment has not been substantially improved.

　　The inspector group will further investigate and verify the relevant situation and do the follow-up inspection work as required.

　　The main responsibility of the management Committee of Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Zone in Liaoning Province is not fully implemented, and the regional ecological and environmental problems are outstanding.

　　In April, 2021, the Second Central Eco-environmental Protection Inspector Group conducted on-site inspection on Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Zone. The inspector found that the main responsibility of the Management Committee of Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Zone was not implemented in place, and the regional ecological and environmental problems were outstanding, which was strongly reflected by the masses.

　　I. Basic information

　　Established in June 1988, Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Zone was approved by the State Council in 1993 and became a national economic and technological development zone, which is the core area of industrial development in Shenyang. Shenyang Chemical Industrial Park (hereinafter referred to as the Park) was established in September 2005, and it is affiliated to Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Zone, with a planned total area of 30 square kilometers. In November 2015, the environmental impact report of the overall development plan of the park passed the examination of the ecological environment department. There are more than 80 enterprises in the park, such as medicine, fine chemicals and new chemical materials, with an output value of 12.5 billion yuan in 2019. A centralized sewage treatment plant with a design capacity of 10,000 tons/day is built in the park, which is used to collect and treat the production wastewater of enterprises in the park. The effluent is further treated by Shenyang Zhenxing Sewage Treatment Co., Ltd. and then discharged into Xihe, a tributary of Hunhe River.

　　Second, the main problems

　　(A) the emphasis on development, light protection, planning environmental impact assessment requirements have not been implemented.

　　The Master Development Plan of Shenyang Chemical Industrial Park (Revised) clearly states that the park will build an innovative green chemical industrial park under the guidance of the concept of circular economy and eco-industry. The inspector found that many environmental protection measures clearly required by the overall development plan and environmental impact assessment documents of the park have not been implemented. Since 2016, the average daily sewage discharged by enterprises in the park has reached 17,000 tons, with a peak of 30,000 tons, which has far exceeded the acceptance capacity of the sewage treatment plant. A large amount of sewage has been discharged without treatment, but the management committee of Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Zone has not expanded the sewage treatment plant. According to the Environmental Impact Tracking Assessment Report of the Overall Development Plan of Shenyang Chemical Industrial Park compiled in October 2020, the 36,000 cubic meters accident pool that should be built according to the three-level environmental risk prevention and control requirements of the chemical industrial park has not been built. With the development of the park, chemical enterprises are constantly moving in, and environmental risks are increasingly prominent. At the same time, the municipal centralized water supply has covered the park, but the relevant departments still illegally approved the self-prepared wells for 10 enterprises, with an annual water intake of 850,000 tons.

　　(B) environmental supervision dereliction of duty, corporate illegal sewage problem is prominent.

　　The first round of central eco-environmental protection inspectors pointed out that 30,000 tons of industrial wastewater in the park were seriously discharged beyond the standard every day. At the end of 2018, Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Zone completed the construction of pipe network, and Shenyang Zhenxing Sewage Treatment Co., Ltd. was officially put into operation, but the solution of related problems was still not in place. The inspector found that the management committee of Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Zone and relevant departments have been inactive for a long time, and environmental supervision has been dereliction of duty. Some enterprises in the park illegally discharged untreated high-concentration waste liquid and wastewater into the sewage pipe network, which is a serious problem. The on-line monitoring data of water inflow of Shenyang Zhenxing Sewage Treatment Co., Ltd. shows that after the domestic sewage transported from Lanjun Road Pumping Station flows through the park, the influent concentration increases obviously, exceeding the design standard of sewage treatment plant for a long time. In 2020, the days when the concentration of influent chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus and total nitrogen exceeds the design index are 141 days, 140 days, 334 days and 332 days respectively, and the maximum concentration of chemical oxygen demand is 5000 mg/L; On January 3, 2021, the concentration of chemical oxygen demand continued to be about 3000 mg/L throughout the day, and obviously a large amount of sewage or production waste liquid exceeded the standard was directly discharged into the pipe network. In recent years, Shenyang Zhenxing Sewage Treatment Co., Ltd. has continuously reported the problem that the water inflow index has exceeded the standard for a long time to the management committee of Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Zone and relevant departments, but the management committee and relevant departments ignored it and acquiesced in conniving at the long-term illegal sewage discharge by enterprises. In March 2021, the Northeast Supervision Bureau of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment discovered to the inspectors of the park that a large amount of dark chemical wastewater gushed out from a sewage well in Xihe Eleventh North Street, and the sampling and monitoring of sewage in some sewage pipe networks in the park showed that,The maximum concentration of chemical oxygen demand is 19,700 mg/L, and the maximum concentration of ammonia nitrogen is 948 mg/L, which is more than 60 times and 30 times higher than the prescribed discharge concentration respectively.

　　(3) The prevention and control of air pollution is ineffective, and the masses have reacted strongly.

　　The main responsibility of the Management Committee of Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Zone is not implemented in place, and the regional ambient air quality continues to deteriorate. Since 2018, the concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and O3 at the national and provincial control points in the development zone have been rising continuously. In 2020, among the 21 areas with heavy air pollution identified by Liaoning Province, only the concentration of PM2.5 in Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Zone increased year-on-year. In August, 2020, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment made a spot check and found that some key VOCs-related pollutant discharge units in the development zone had serious problems such as excessive discharge of process tail gas, direct discharge of factory tail gas, abnormal operation of waste gas treatment facilities in sewage treatment plants, and obvious on-site odor. During the first round of central eco-environmental protection inspectors and "looking back" in 2017, a large number of people complained about the problem of odor disturbing people in Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Zone. Since the inspector was stationed, he has received 11 complaints and reports about environmental pollution in the development zone. On-site inspectors found that the odor in many areas of the park was pungent, and the problem of unorganized discharge was still outstanding.

　　Third, the reason analysis

　　The management committee of Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Zone is not in place to implement the main responsibility of ecological environmental protection, paying attention to economic development and neglecting ecological environmental protection, with obvious deterioration of ambient air quality and outstanding ecological environmental problems; The relevant departments failed in their environmental supervision, and some enterprises in the region illegally discharged pollutants for a long time, which was strongly reflected by the masses.

　　The inspector group will further investigate and verify the relevant situation and do the follow-up inspection work as required.

　　The inspector’s rectification is not strict, and the problem of local ecological damage in Taiping Lake Basin of Huangshan City, Anhui Province is still outstanding.

　　The first round of central eco-environmental protection inspectors pointed out that illegal construction of real estate and other projects in Taiping Lake Scenic Area in Anhui Province required Anhui Province to study and formulate rectification plans. In April, 2021, during the inspection in Anhui Province, the Third Central Ecological Environmental Protection Inspector Group paid special attention to the rectification of related issues. Inspectors found that the rectification work of illegal development projects in Taiping Lake Basin was not promoted effectively, and the problem of local ecological damage was still outstanding.

　　I. Basic information

　　Taiping Lake is located in huangshan district, Huangshan City. Because of its highly protective landscape resources and lake wetland resources, it has been approved by the Anhui Provincial People’s Government and the former State Forestry Administration as a provincial-level scenic spot and a national wetland park. It is the first national wetland park in Anhui Province.

　　Before 2017, the coast of Taiping Lake was over-exploited for a long time, and a large number of real estate, hotels and tourist resorts continued to start construction. The natural coastline of the lake was occupied, and the landscape and wetland resources were destroyed. Some projects were still illegally launched after the master plan of scenic spots and the master plan of national wetland park were approved, and even some projects occupied the waters of Taiping Lake and were built directly on the lake. In view of the problems pointed out by the first round of central eco-environmental protection inspectors, the rectification plan of Anhui Provincial Party Committee and provincial government is clear, in strict accordance with the "Master Plan of Taiping Lake Scenic Area (2015&mdash; 2030), comprehensively clean up the projects within the planning red line (within the control range of 30 meters along the lakeshore), and formulate strict, clear and feasible rectification measures and rectification time limit.

　　Second, the main problems

　　(1) The inspector’s rectification work is discounted

　　Inspectors found that Huangshan City has formulated a specific rectification plan, but huangshan district did not conduct a comprehensive investigation and clean-up of the projects within the planning red line, and discounted the requirements for rectification. Only five projects were rectified, and the other six projects within the planning red line were not included in the rectification scope. After provincial inspectors further pointed out relevant problems in 2019, huangshan district remained indifferent. Up to now, there has been no substantial progress in the rectification of the other six projects. Only after the inspector was stationed in huangshan district, did the investigation, and it was found that there were 30 illegal projects in the wetland area (covering the planning red line of scenic spots), involving a construction area of 635,000 square meters.

　　(B) rectification of the sales number is not strict.

　　Anxious to get rid of the "burden", the huangshan district Municipal Government applied for cancellation of this issue many times without comprehensive and serious investigation and thorough rectification. In April, 2018, huangshan district submitted a request for reimbursement number to Huangshan Municipal Government for "five illegal construction projects have been rectified", and the municipal government immediately submitted a request for sales number to Anhui Housing and Urban-Rural Development Department. The Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development did not strictly implement the requirements of "comprehensively cleaning up the projects within the red line of the planning" in the provincial rectification plan, that is, the reply thought that "the rectification basically meets the requirements of the rectification plan, and can apply for the cancellation number to the office of the provincial leading group for rectification work according to the prescribed channels". In July 2018, when the Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development organized an on-site review of the rectification of illegal construction projects in Taiping Lake, although it paid attention to the illegal real estate projects that were mainly rectified, it did not carefully verify the projects within 30 meters of the coastline according to the requirements of "comprehensive clean-up". It only put forward the requirements of "supplementing the rectification implementation plan and refining the rectification measures" for the five rectification projects reported by huangshan district, and in October of the same year, it replied to the office of the provincial rectification leading group, and passed the acceptance of the rectification task.

　　In March 2019, the management function of scenic spots was transferred from the Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development to the Provincial Forestry Bureau. In August of the same year, huangshan district applied for reimbursement number again after supplementing and perfecting relevant materials, and the Huangshan Municipal Government applied for acceptance and cancellation number in November. Although the Provincial Forestry Bureau asked Huangshan City to comprehensively investigate and clean up the projects within the planning scope, it did not go deep into the field to seriously verify them. After the provincial inspector pointed out that "there are still 11 projects in the Taiping Lake Scenic Area that are partially built within 30 meters of the coastline", it still did not ask the local authorities to include other projects in the category of "comprehensive cleaning up". After on-the-spot inspection of the five projects reported by huangshan district in June 2020, it wrote back in November of the same year for acceptance and cancellation.

　　(3) The implementation of soil and water conservation measures for forest-related transformation projects is not in place.

　　The forest ecosystem around Taiping Lake plays a key role in water conservation in the basin and has a positive impact on maintaining a good water ecology in the Yangtze River. In recent years, huangshan district has successively implemented economic forest reconstruction projects in Taiping Lake Basin. These reconstruction projects are based on people’s livelihood, which is a good thing. However, on-site inspection of 10 economic forest reconstruction projects in Taiping Lake Basin (involving an area of about 2,300 mu) by the inspector group found that six projects were not up to standard in the process of reconstruction, and soil and water conservation measures were not implemented in accordance with the requirements of the Regulations on the Protection and Management of Woodland in Anhui Province, which has caused soil erosion and landslides in some areas. In addition, a large number of fertilizers and pesticides are used in some economic forests, which has adverse effects on the water ecological environment in Taiping Lake Basin.

　　Third, the reason analysis

　　The Huangshan District Party Committee and the district government did not really shoulder the political responsibility of protecting the ecological environment, and they did not dare to touch the real thing and be superficial in promoting the rectification of illegal and illegal projects in Taiping Lake. The Huangshan Municipal Government and relevant departments are not strict in the control and supervision, and there is dereliction of duty in the supervision and rectification work. The relevant departments of Anhui Province did not seriously review the rectification and acceptance work according to the law, and the sales number became a mere formality.

　　The inspector group will further investigate and verify the relevant situation and do the follow-up inspection work as required.

　　In Xinyu City, Jiangxi Province, illegal mining activities are chaotic and ecological restoration is seriously lagging behind.

　　In April, 2021, the inspector of the Fourth Central Ecological Environmental Protection Inspector Group in Jiangxi Province found that the illegal activities of open-pit mining in Xinyu City were chaotic, the creation of green mines was lax and untrue, the inspector’s rectification was perfunctory, the ecological restoration work was lagging behind, and the environmental pollution in the nearby area was serious, which was strongly reflected by the masses.

　　I. Basic information

　　In 2018, the first round of central eco-environmental protection inspectors "looked back" and pointed out that some local stone mines in Jiangxi Province did not carry out soil and water conservation and ecological restoration work, and did not control dust pollution in the stone industry from the source.

　　Jiangxi inspector’s rectification plan requires that similar problems in this region be comprehensively investigated by analogy with the common problems of mine ecological restoration and governance pointed out by the inspector, and it is clear that the provincial department of natural resources will organize special actions for mine development and remediation. Xinyu city inspector’s rectification plan requires that mine ecological restoration and management be carried out, the rectification of central ecological environmental protection inspectors be promoted, and efforts should be made to solve outstanding environmental problems reflected by the people.

　　Second, the main problems

　　(A) the illegal acts are chaotic.

　　According to the requirements of the inspector’s rectification plan, in 2018, the Jiangxi Provincial Department of Natural Resources organized a special campaign for mine development and rectification, and conducted a thorough investigation of open-pit mines in the province. The investigation found that there were 111 illegal and illegal problems in the mining of 62 open-pit mines in Xinyu City, including 14 mines crossing the border, 7 mines illegally occupying forest land, 4 mines encroaching on the red line of ecological protection, 21 mines with expired mining licenses, and 15 mines not only failed to carry out governance, but also failed to prepare the mine geological environment protection and governance recovery plan as required.

　　In 2020, Xinyu reported to the Provincial Department of Natural Resources that all 111 problems had been rectified. The inspector group spot-checked 10 mines and found that all of them had problems that had not been rectified. Sheng ‘an Industry & Trade Co., Ltd. failed to implement the principle of ecological restoration of open-pit mines, which was "mining while managing". The mining area was only mined without managing, and waste rocks were dumped along the mountain, destroying a large number of vegetation. The dust control measures of Maoheng Mining Co., Ltd. are not perfect, the material conveying belt is not sealed, and the dust pollution is serious. The closed facilities in the crushing workshop of Changxing Mining Co., Ltd. were damaged, and there was no spraying and dust reduction measures for the blanking device and the material yard.

　　(B) the creation of green mines is lax and untrue

　　In 2017, the former Ministry of Land and Resources and other six ministries and commissions issued the "Implementation Opinions on Accelerating the Construction of Green Mines", demanding to improve the quality and efficiency of mining development, accelerate the construction process of green mines, and strive to form a new mining development model that meets the requirements of ecological civilization construction by 2020. The Work Plan of Special Action for Mine Development and Renovation in Jiangxi Province requires that by the end of 2020, 200 old mines should reach the standard of green mine construction.

　　A total of 12 mines in Xinyu passed the acceptance of green mine creation. The inspector group spot-checked two green mines that have passed the acceptance of the Municipal Bureau of Natural Resources, and found that the creation work was lax and untrue, and the acceptance was fraudulent. Keypit Quarry violated the laws and regulations on natural resources and ecological environment protection, and added a new stone processing line without authorization. The road gravel was scattered and accumulated thick dust, and the automatic dust monitoring equipment was damaged and stopped for a long time. The material yard had no "three prevention" measures, but it got full marks in the acceptance assessment of green mines. Jiangxi Junyi Mining Co., Ltd. lime powder conveyor belt is not closed, the dust in the material loading and unloading workshop is unorganized, and thick dust and dirt are accumulated on the walls and ceiling of the workshop, which is not "green" and "gray" is obvious.

　　(3) The inspector’s rectification goes through the motions

　　In 2018, during the "Looking Back" period of the Central Ecological Environmental Protection Inspector, a total of 75 reports were received from the people in Xinyu City, of which 17 were related to mining and mineral products processing enterprises, accounting for more than 20%. The masses complained about dust pollution and ecological damage from such enterprises. The inspector randomly selected three questions and found that the rectification was not in place.

　　The problems of dust pollution and waste gas direct discharge in lime kiln of Yingge mining industry in Fenyi county reflected by the masses. On-site inspectors found that the enterprise basically did not carry out rectification, there was no dust collection facility in the stone crushing process, and the dust pollution was serious. A large number of industrial waste residues were randomly piled up in the open space of the factory area without any "three prevention" measures.

　　The problem of dust pollution of ceramic raw material processing factory near Nantang Village Committee of Gushan Township in Yushui District reflected by the masses. On-site inspectors found that the production mode of Shengwang Mining Company in this area is still extensive, and dust is accumulated everywhere in the factory area. A lot of dust from mining and mineral products processing pollutes the environment, surrounding roads are damaged, and truck transportation is dusty. Xinglin quarry has no dust pollution control facilities, and the milky white wastewater is discharged directly, which seriously affects the normal production and life of surrounding villagers.

　　(D) Ecological restoration is seriously lagging behind.

　　In 2019, the Ministry of Natural Resources and the Ministry of Ecology and Environment jointly issued the "Letter on Implementing Opinions on Accelerating the Comprehensive Improvement of Open-pit Mines", clearly requiring all localities to carry out comprehensive improvement of open-pit mines according to law, and strengthen the ecological restoration of open-pit mines in accordance with the principle of "who mines, who governs, while mining and governs", and ensure the smooth completion of the rectification work in 2020.

　　In recent years, Xinyu City has closed 55 mines, but only 9 have carried out ecological restoration. On-site spot check of Rongchun Quarry, which has passed the acceptance of Fenyi County Natural Resources Bureau, found that the ecological restoration was discounted and the acceptance work went through the motions. The mining platform is basically uncovered and green, and the vertical mining face has not been repaired by hanging nets on the slope; The mining pit area is not covered with soil and planted as required, and the ecological restoration of the surrounding area of the mining pit is not green, and the effect is extremely poor.

　　Third, the reason analysis

　　Xinyu Municipal Party Committee and Municipal Government have not paid enough attention to the comprehensive improvement of open pit mines, and the supervision is weak, and the comprehensive improvement work is obviously lagging behind; Turn a blind eye to the problem of illegal mining of mines within its jurisdiction, and lack of supervision, resulting in serious damage to the ecological environment; Insufficient attention is paid to the ecological restoration of closed mines, and the creation of green mines is perfunctory, lax and untrue. The governments of Yushui District and Fenyi County are perfunctory about the rectification requirements of the central eco-environmental protection inspector, and ignore the eco-environmental problems around the masses, and the formalism problem is outstanding.

　　The inspector group will further investigate and verify the relevant situation and do the follow-up inspection work as required.

　　CCTV News:As for Brendt Christensen, the suspect in the YINGYING ZHANG case, why did he kidnap or even kill YINGYING ZHANG? What kind of person is he? The American media gradually dug up many details of the suspect Christensen before committing the crime, some of which shocked the outside world.

　　Brendt Christensen, a graduate student in the Physics Department of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where YINGYING ZHANG visited and studied, served as a teaching assistant until May 2016.

　　Many students who studied in the physics department said that their impression of Christensen was "completely normal", and they looked calm, friendly and very smart.

　　Lance Cooper, director of the graduate program in the Department of Physics, said that many teachers and students sent emails expressing shock, and people who knew him said that this happened without warning.

　　However, after the FBI searched Christensen’s mobile phone and residence, it found something unusual. In April this year, Christensen visited a website called "Kidnapping 101" and browsed the contents about planned kidnapping and abduction.

　　On June 29th, Christensen also described how he kidnapped YINGYING ZHANG on the phone, and this conversation was monitored by the FBI.

　　In addition, he once went to the website of "fetish life" and still registered on the dating website to find a so-called girlfriend after marriage, claiming that he was married, but he could accept multiple partners.

　　What’s even more incredible is that the American News reported that after YINGYING ZHANG was kidnapped, on June 29th, the university held a "Walking and Concert to Pray for YINGYING ZHANG’s Safe Return to Home". Christensen was already under the surveillance of the FBI, and even appeared at the event site, attended the concert, and then left halfway. A teacher who met him at that time recalled, "I thought he smiled strangely, but I didn’t think too much at that time."

　　The first "going to court" is only nine minutes, and it is basically going through the procedure.

　　It was reported on July 4th that the first court hearing on the 3rd lasted only nine minutes. What details are worthy of attention? What are we going to do at the next hearing? What charges and sentencing does the suspect face? Wang Zhidong, a Chinese lawyer who provides legal aid to YINGYING ZHANG’s family, explained these problems.

　　According to Wang Zhidong’s lawyer, the result of the first "trial" was basically normal. During this period, the judge asked both parties how much time they needed to prepare for the trial. The prosecution said that they were ready, and the defense said that they needed more time to prepare. So the judge gave several different dates and times to choose, and with the approval of the defense lawyer, the trial was held again at 3 pm on the 5th.

　　At the first hearing, the prosecution made it clear that it wanted to keep the suspect in custody &mdash; &mdash; Strictly speaking, the first hearing announced that the suspect was "temporarily not allowed to be released on bail", which was equivalent to "remanded for trial". The defense lawyer said that it would take time to consider the bail application, and the next hearing could determine the bail issue.

　　The next hearing will also continue to follow legal procedures, mainly to solve two problems: first, will the suspect cause harm to others in the community? Second, will the suspect escape?

　　In addition, it is understood that the prosecution is currently suing the suspect Christensen in the federal court for "kidnapping" &mdash; &mdash; If convicted, he will face life imprisonment.

　　Once the prosecution has more important evidence to prove that the suspect killed YINGYING ZHANG in the future, it may charge him with "murder" &mdash; &mdash; If convicted of murder, the maximum sentence can be death.

　　Zhongxin Jingwei Client May 4 (Dong Xiangyi) Buffett has always been regarded as a banner of the investment community. Nowadays, the "stock god" who has entered his octogenarian years still maintains his vitality and elegant demeanor, and he can talk about Kan Kan every time he appears. Soon, we will see Buffett again.

　　On the evening of May 4th, Beijing time, the annual Berkshire Hathaway Shareholders’ Meeting will be held in Omaha, a small town in the central United States. It is estimated that 50,000 people will travel to Omaha from all over the world to see the beauty of the stock market. At that time, 88-year-old CEO Warren Buffett and 95-year-old Vice Chairman Charles Munger will appear at the shareholders’ meeting to share their views on the market, the company and the current economic situation, and answer questions from analysts, investors and the media.

　　It is generally believed in the market that the outside world is concerned about Buffett’s views on the world economy and China’s economy in addition to the value investment concept conveyed by Buffett at the shareholders’ meeting and some major investments to be made in the future.

　　In fact, Buffett’s judgment on the US economy and the Fed’s policies in the past few years has basically been verified by the market. This year, when the Fed stops raising interest rates and reduces the contraction, can the US economy maintain its current growth rate? Can the US stock market still strengthen? In addition, what is Buffett’s next investment consideration with hundreds of billions of dollars in cash? Will you buy shares in China A-share market? Is there a suitable candidate for "successor"? A series of problems remain to be solved.

　　As of press time, the shareholders’ meeting is only less than 5 hours away. We might as well boldly predict six possible highlights of Buffett’s shareholders’ meeting:

　　one

　　Holding hundreds of billions of dollars in cash, where to invest?

　　According to the shareholders’ letter issued in February 2019, by the end of 2018, Berkshire held US$ 112 billion in US Treasury bonds and other cash equivalents, exceeding US$ 103.6 billion at the end of the third quarter of last year, and also held more than US$ 100 billion in cash for the sixth consecutive quarter.

　　What shareholders want to know is whether Buffett sees any investment opportunities or is ready to buy back more of his own shares.

　　Buffett calls large-scale acquisitions "hunting elephants", and he will consider which company to buy next and may be asked. However, for more than three years, Berkshire has never made a super-large-scale acquisition. Buffett’s last big deal was to acquire aerospace manufacturer Precision Castparts Corp for $32 billion, which was completed in January 2016.

　　This year, Berkshire’s Letter to Shareholders revealed that the current prospects are not optimistic: for those enterprises with good long-term prospects, the price is too high, but Buffett admits that he is still eager to "get &lsquo; Elephant &rsquo; Level acquisition. "

　　Earlier analysis by Credit Suisse showed that Buffett’s next "elephant-scale" acquisition target may be Target, CarMax or Moody’s. These companies meet Buffett’s usual priorities when deciding when to make a full acquisition, including high return on equity, fair price, low debt and strong management.

　　2

　　Amazon stock

　　As the most concerned company in the investment field, Berkshire’s every move will arouse the interest of the capital market.

　　Recently, foreign media reported that Berkshire has been buying Amazon’s stock. Although this investment was not made by billionaire Buffett himself, he had previously said to CNBC: "I have never bought Amazon’s stock, which is an idiot."

　　According to reports, so far, it is still unknown how many Amazon shares Berkshire Hathaway has purchased and how much equity it accounts for. But in the end of the quarter report, this information will be made public.

　　three

　　Succession candidate

　　In a few months, Buffett will be 89 years old, and his partner Munger will be 95 years old. The issue of successors will be put on the agenda again. Therefore, shareholders want to hear more about this matter.

　　Two of Buffett’s investment managers, Ted Viszler and ToDD Combs, have created much better investment performance than the market index in the past, and Buffett also praised them in a letter to shareholders in 2013, and their performance bonuses both exceeded $50 million.

　　According to foreign media, Berkshire’s operation of buying Amazon shares was done by the above two investment managers.

　　four

　　Rare buyback

　　Last year, Berkshire relaxed its share repurchase policy, allowing the company to buy back $1.3 billion of shares. In the third quarter of last year, Berkshire repurchased $928 million of its own company shares, and invested more than the sum of more than four years. For Buffett, who has fewer buybacks, it can be said that it has created a precedent for large buybacks.

　　In July last year, Berkshire announced that it had lifted the restrictions on its repurchase of its own shares and relaxed the restrictions on the repurchase policy. According to this new policy, when Buffett and Munger both think that the repurchase price is "lower than the intrinsic value of Berkshire Hathaway", they can approve the repurchase of shares.

　　Some analysts believe that although Buffett tends to spend money on block trades or other companies’ stocks, this move undoubtedly opens the door for more repurchases. In fact, Buffett has also said that Berkshire may eventually become an important repurchaser of its own shares. Whether Berkshire will have more buybacks in the future is also a major concern.

　　five

　　"Planted" on Kraft Heinz

　　The stock god who has always been invincible also has the time to "stumble".

　　In February this year, Berkshire’s 2018 annual report showed that the company’s profit was 4 billion US dollars, and the book value per share increased by 0.4%. Compared with the same period last year, the growth rate dropped sharply. From a quarterly perspective, the decibel losses in the first and fourth quarters were $1.1 billion and $25.4 billion. Regarding the rare loss in the fourth quarter, Buffett said in his letter to shareholders that "the impairment of intangible assets has caused a non-cash loss of $3 billion, almost all of which comes from the equity of Kraft Heinz held by us".

　　Buffett’s investment in Kraft Heinz proved to be a big failure, which shocked the outside world. Buffett previously admitted in an interview with The Wall Street Journal that he paid too high a price when he bought Kraft Heinz. At this shareholders’ meeting, investors may want to hear Buffett talk about what happened before and after buying Kraft Heinz shares.

　　six

　　Which A-share stocks will be in the eye?

　　Buffett has publicly talked about being optimistic about investing in the China market more than once. Last year, Buffett admitted at the shareholders’ meeting that there are many investment opportunities in China. "In such a high-speed and booming market, investors holding the same capital may gain more in China than in the United States."

　　In terms of investment style, Wang Jianhui, general manager of Capital Securities R&D Department, previously told Zhongxin Jingwei client that "Buffett and Munger have similar styles, and companies that focus on steady growth attach importance to balanced ratio in their investment portfolios, and they are very predictable about market expectations and demand."

　　Wang Jianhui believes that China’s manufacturing and consumption upgrading are worthy of attention, but Buffett pays more attention to certainty, so domestic consumer goods with relatively high market share and obvious brand status are more likely to be favored by him.

　　Specifically, the market has made some analysis and predictions about which A-share stocks "stock gods" will prefer. According to china securities journal, there are many criteria for Buffett’s stock selection, but there are clear quantitative criteria. He only said one sentence, that is, the annual return on net assets (ROE) is greater than 20% for 10 consecutive years.

　　The so-called return on equity (ROE) is the ratio of company profits to shareholders’ equity. It represents the investment income of investors, in short, how much money the enterprise can earn for investors.

　　Which companies in A shares meet Buffett’s standards? Wind data shows that in the 10 years from 2009 to 2019, among the listed companies whose ROE (deduction/dilution) continuously exceeds 20%, there are only five listed companies in A shares, namely Kweichow Moutai, Haitian Weiye, Gree Electric, Yanghe and Chengde Lulu.

　　Attachment: Schedule of Buffett’s Shareholders’ Meeting in 2019:

　　Shareholders’ meeting day (note: Beijing time, time difference with Omaha, USA -13 hours)

　　 At 20: 00 on May 4th, CHI Health Center opened at the shareholders’ meeting.

　　 At 21: 30 on May 4: A special short film was shown at the shareholders’ meeting;

　　 From 22: 15 on May 4th to 4: 30 on May 5th: General Meeting of Shareholders and Q&A Session.

　　 May 5, 4: 30 to 5: 30 (approximate time): business meeting time.

　　 May 5, 6: 30-9: 00: Nebraska Furniture Store holds a barbecue dinner for Berkshire shareholders, and you can choose a special package of $5.

In order to implement the major decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on promoting carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions, give full play to the role of fiscal functions, and promote the goal of carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions as scheduled, the Ministry of Finance issued the Opinions on Financial Support for Doing a Good Job in Carbon Neutralization in peak carbon dioxide emissions on May 30th (hereinafter referred to as the Opinions). The Opinions support carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions from four aspects: general requirements, key directions and areas of support, fiscal policy measures and safeguard measures.

In addition, the relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Finance answered the reporter’s questions about the Opinions.

The "Opinions" pointed out that by 2025, the fiscal policy tools will be continuously enriched, and the fiscal and taxation policy framework conducive to green and low-carbon development will be initially established, which will strongly support all industries in various regions to accelerate green and low-carbon transformation.Before 2030, a fiscal and taxation policy system conducive to green and low-carbon development will be basically formed, and a long-term mechanism to promote green and low-carbon development will be gradually established to promote the smooth realization of peak carbon dioxide emissions’s goals. Before 2060, the policy system of financial support for green and low-carbon development is mature and sound, and the goal of carbon neutrality is promoted smoothly.

The Opinions call for strengthening the overall planning of financial resources, optimizing the structure of fiscal expenditure, and increasing support for carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions.Improve the market-oriented diversified investment mechanism. Study and set up a national low-carbon transformation fund to support the green transformation of traditional industries and resource-rich areas. Give full play to the guiding role of existing government investment funds, including the National Green Development Fund. Encourage social capital to set up green and low-carbon industry investment funds in a market-oriented way. Incorporate eligible green and low-carbon development projects into the scope of government bond support. Take various ways to support government and social capital cooperation (PPP) projects in the field of ecological environment, and standardize local governments’ performance of PPP projects.

The "Opinions" proposes to give play to the incentive and restraint role of tax policies.. Implement tax policies such as environmental protection tax, resource tax, consumption tax, vehicle and vessel tax, vehicle purchase tax, value-added tax and enterprise income tax; We will implement preferential tax policies such as energy saving and water saving and comprehensive utilization of resources, study and support tax policies related to carbon emission reduction, and give full play to the role of taxation in promoting the green and low-carbon development of market players. Optimize the tariff structure according to the requirements of accelerating green and low-carbon development and continuously improving environmental quality.

In the direction of key support areas, the Opinions pointed out that renewable energy such as photovoltaic, wind power and biomass energy should be supported.And the new energy with steady output replaces fossil energy. Improve support policies to encourage unconventional natural gas exploitation to increase production and quantity. Encourage qualified areas to try first, develop new energy storage and pumped storage according to local conditions, and accelerate the formation of an electric power development mechanism based on energy storage and peak shaving capacity. Strengthen energy conservation supervision of key industries and key equipment, and organize energy measurement review.

Vigorously support the development of new energy vehicles, improve the charging and replacing infrastructure support policies., steadily promote the demonstration and application of fuel cell vehicles. Promote the synergy of pollution reduction and carbon reduction, continuously carry out comprehensive management of coal-fired boilers and industrial furnaces, expand the support scope of clean heating in winter in northern China, and encourage the use of clean energy for heating according to local conditions.

To support peak carbon dioxide emissions’s carbon-neutral work, the relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Finance said,The Ministry of Finance has comprehensively used various policies and measures such as financial fund guidance, tax adjustment and government green procurement to support the promotion of carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions., and support the development of clean energy through the following channels:

The first is to implement the financial subsidy policy for the promotion and application of new energy vehicles.The Ministry of Finance, together with relevant departments, will continue to improve the subsidy policy for the purchase of new energy vehicles, continuously raise the threshold of subsidy technology, reasonably grasp the strength and pace of subsidy standards, and promote the high-quality development of the new energy vehicle industry. In 2021, China’s new energy (600617) automobile sales reached 3.521 million, up 1.6 times year-on-year, ranking first in the world for seven consecutive years. At the end of 2021, the Ministry of Finance, together with relevant departments, issued a notice, comprehensively considering factors such as the development plan of the new energy vehicle industry, the market sales trend and the smooth transition of enterprises, and clarifying that the purchase subsidy policy for new energy vehicles will be terminated on December 31, 2022.

The second is to implement the subsidy policy for renewable energy power generation.Since 2006, the central government has implemented a subsidy policy for renewable energy power generation based on fixed electricity prices, and strived to promote the high-quality leap-forward development of renewable energy. By the end of 2021, the installed capacity of renewable energy power generation in China reached 1.063 billion kilowatts, including 328 million kilowatts of wind power generation, 306 million kilowatts of photovoltaic power generation and 37.98 million kilowatts of biomass power generation. In 2021, the national renewable energy generation capacity reached 2.48 trillion kWh.

The third is to encourage the exploitation and utilization of unconventional natural gas.Since shale gas was included in the scope of subsidies in 2012, domestic unconventional natural gas production has increased steadily for nine consecutive years. Since 2019, unconventional natural gas included in the scope of subsidies includes shale gas, coalbed methane and tight gas. According to the principle of "more subsidies and more subsidies in winter", unconventional natural gas subsidies are based on the results-oriented method of incremental assessment, encouraging local and enterprises to increase gas production. With the support of policies, the actual exploitation and utilization of unconventional natural gas in 2021 will account for more than one third of China’s total natural gas production, which will become an important guarantee for production.

The fourth is to promote clean heating in winter in the northern region.In recent years, the central government has allocated special funds for the prevention and control of air pollution to support the clean heating work in the northern region in winter, including 88 cities in five batches, guiding local governments to carry out clean heating renovation and energy-saving renovation of existing buildings according to local conditions, effectively reducing loose coal consumption, promoting the synergy of pollution reduction and carbon reduction, and promoting the green transformation of energy structure.

The following is the original text of "Opinions on Financial Support for Carbon Neutralization in peak carbon dioxide emissions":

In order to thoroughly implement the major strategic decision of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions, according to the relevant work arrangements of "Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Completely, Accurately and Comprehensively Implementing the New Development Concept and Doing a Good Job in Carbon Neutralization in peak carbon dioxide emissions" and "peak carbon dioxide emissions Action Plan by 2030" (Guo Fa [2021] No.23), we hereby put forward the following opinions on financial support for doing a good job in carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions.

I. General requirements

(1) Guiding ideology.

Guided by the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the New Era, we will fully implement the spirit of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the previous plenary sessions of the 19th National Congress, thoroughly implement the Supreme Leader’s ecological civilization thought, adhere to the general tone of striving for progress while maintaining stability in accordance with the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, fully implement the new development concept based on the new development stage, build a new development pattern, promote high-quality development, adhere to the systematic concept, and incorporate carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions into the overall layout of ecological civilization construction and the overall economic and social development. Adhere to the coordinated promotion of carbon reduction, pollution reduction, green expansion and growth, actively build a fiscal and taxation policy system conducive to promoting efficient use of resources and green and low-carbon development, promote a better combination of promising government and effective market, and support the realization of peak carbon dioxide emissions’s carbon neutrality goal as scheduled.

(2) Working principles.

Based on the present, focus on the long-term. Focusing on achieving the goal of carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions as scheduled, we should strengthen the connection between financial support policies and the national "14th Five-Year Plan" outline, seize the critical period and window period of peak carbon dioxide emissions’s work during the 14th Five-Year Plan, implement proactive fiscal policies, improve efficiency, pay more attention to accurate and sustainable requirements, and rationally plan financial support for peak carbon dioxide emissions’s carbon neutrality policy system.

Adjust measures to local conditions and make overall plans. Local financial departments make overall consideration of local work basis and reality, promote work in a steady and orderly manner, make classified policies, and formulate and implement financial support measures that are both in line with their own reality and meet the overall requirements. Strengthen the overall planning of financial resources and normalize the implementation of the direct mechanism of financial funds. Promote the coordinated efforts of funds, taxation, government procurement and other policies to improve the effectiveness of fiscal policy.

Results-oriented, rewarding the superior and punishing the inferior. Strengthen budget constraints and performance management, and the central government will give incentives and support to areas that have achieved outstanding results in promoting related work; Appropriately deduct relevant transfer payment funds in areas where the relevant work is not active or the effect is not obvious, and form an incentive and restraint mechanism.

Strengthen communication, internal and external smooth. Adhere to the principles of common but differentiated responsibilities, fairness and respective capabilities, strengthen multilateral and bilateral international financial dialogue, exchange and cooperation, coordinate domestic and international resources, promote advanced green and low-carbon technologies and experiences at home and abroad, deeply participate in global climate governance, and actively strive for international resources support.

(3) Main objectives.

By 2025, fiscal policy tools will be continuously enriched, and a fiscal and taxation policy framework conducive to green and low-carbon development will be initially established, which will strongly support all industries in various regions to accelerate green and low-carbon transformation. Before 2030, a fiscal and taxation policy system conducive to green and low-carbon development will be basically formed, and a long-term mechanism to promote green and low-carbon development will be gradually established to promote the smooth realization of peak carbon dioxide emissions’s goals. Before 2060, the policy system of financial support for green and low-carbon development is mature and sound, and the goal of carbon neutrality is promoted smoothly.

Second, support key directions and areas

(1) Support the construction of a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system. Orderly reduce and replace, and promote the transformation and upgrading of coal consumption. Optimize the clean energy support policy, vigorously support the high proportion of renewable energy applications, and promote the construction of a new power system with a gradually increasing proportion of new energy. Support renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic, wind power and biomass energy, as well as new energy sources with stable output to replace fossil energy. Improve support policies to encourage unconventional natural gas exploitation to increase production and quantity. Encourage qualified areas to try first, develop new energy storage and pumped storage according to local conditions, and accelerate the formation of an electric power development mechanism based on energy storage and peak shaving capacity. Strengthen energy conservation supervision of key industries and key equipment, and organize energy measurement review.

(2) Support the green and low-carbon transformation in key industries. Support the industrial sector to develop into high-end, intelligent and green advanced manufacturing. Deepen the establishment of urban-rural transportation integration demonstration counties and improve the equalization level of urban-rural transportation services. Support the optimization and adjustment of transportation structure. Vigorously support the development of new energy vehicles, improve the supporting policies for charging and replacing infrastructure, and steadily promote the demonstration and application of fuel cell vehicles. Promote the synergy of pollution reduction and carbon reduction, continuously carry out comprehensive management of coal-fired boilers and industrial furnaces, expand the support scope of clean heating in winter in northern China, and encourage the use of clean energy for heating according to local conditions. Support northern heating areas to carry out energy-saving renovation of existing urban residential buildings and rural houses, and promote peak carbon dioxide emissions’s carbon neutrality in urban and rural construction. We will continue to promote the substitution of electric energy in industries, transportation, construction, agriculture and rural areas, and implement "replacing coal with electricity" and "replacing oil with electricity".

(3) Support green and low-carbon scientific and technological innovation and basic capacity building. Strengthen support for the research and development, popularization and application of green technologies such as low carbon, zero carbon and negative carbon, energy conservation and environmental protection. Encourage qualified units, enterprises and regions to tackle key problems of low-carbon, zero-carbon and negative-carbon energy storage new materials, new technologies and new equipment, as well as industrialization and large-scale application, and establish and improve a green and low-carbon technology assessment and trading system and a scientific and technological innovation service platform. Strengthen the research on peak carbon dioxide emissions’s basic theory, basic methods, technical standards and realization path of carbon neutrality. Strengthen the basic support of carbon sink in ecosystem. Support the capacity building to adapt to climate change, and improve the capacity of disaster prevention and mitigation.

(4) Support green and low-carbon life and resource conservation and utilization. Develop circular economy, promote comprehensive utilization of resources, and strengthen the utilization of urban and rural garbage and rural waste resources. Improve the recycling system of waste materials and promote the recycling of renewable resources to improve quality and efficiency. Establish and improve the extended producer responsibility system for automobiles, electrical and electronic products, and promote the healthy development of the renewable resource recycling industry. Promote the resource utilization of crop straw and livestock manure, and promote the recycling of plastic film. Support the construction of "waste-free cities" and form a number of replicable and popularized experience models.

(5) Support the consolidation and improvement of carbon sink capacity. Support the improvement of ecological carbon sink capacity of forests, grasslands, wetlands and oceans. Carry out integrated protection and restoration of mountains, rivers, fields, lakes, grass and sand. Implement major projects for the protection and restoration of important ecosystems. We will further promote large-scale land greening, comprehensively protect natural forests, consolidate the achievements of returning farmland to forests and grasslands, support the management and protection of forest resources and the prevention and control of forest and grassland fires, strengthen the ecological restoration of grasslands, and strengthen the protection and restoration of wetlands. Support pastoral and semi-pastoral provinces to implement the grassland compensation policy, accelerate the transformation of the development mode of grass and animal husbandry, and promote the steady recovery of grassland ecological environment. Promote the protection and restoration of marine ecosystems as a whole, and enhance the carbon fixation capacity of mangroves, seagrass beds and salt marshes. Support the comprehensive control of soil erosion.

(6) Support the improvement of the green and low-carbon market system. Give full play to the role of trading markets such as carbon emission rights, energy use rights and emission rights, and guide the optimization of industrial layout. Improve the statistical accounting and supervision system of carbon emissions, improve the relevant standard system, and strengthen the construction of carbon emission monitoring and measurement system. Support the unified supervision and management of national carbon emissions trading, improve the quota allocation management of the national carbon emissions trading market, gradually expand the scope of trading industries, enrich trading varieties and trading methods, and introduce paid distribution in due course. We will fully implement the pollutant discharge permit system, improve the paid use and trading system of pollutant discharge rights, and actively cultivate the trading market. Improve the carbon emission reporting and information disclosure system of enterprises and financial institutions.

Third, fiscal policy measures

(1) Strengthen the guiding role of financial funds. Strengthen the overall planning of financial resources, optimize the structure of fiscal expenditure, and increase support for carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions. The financial fund arrangement closely revolves around the deployment of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions. The fund allocation highlights key points, strengthens the protection of key industries and improves the accuracy of the fund policy. When allocating the existing central-local related transfer payment funds, the central government will give incentives and support to areas that have achieved outstanding results in promoting related work and played a leading role in demonstration.

(2) Improve the market-oriented diversified investment mechanism. Study and set up a national low-carbon transformation fund to support the green transformation of traditional industries and resource-rich areas. Give full play to the guiding role of existing government investment funds, including the National Green Development Fund. Encourage social capital to set up green and low-carbon industry investment funds in a market-oriented way. Incorporate eligible green and low-carbon development projects into the scope of government bond support. Take various ways to support government and social capital cooperation (PPP) projects in the field of ecological environment, and standardize local governments’ performance of PPP projects.

(3) Give play to the role of tax policy as an incentive and restraint. Implement tax policies such as environmental protection tax, resource tax, consumption tax, vehicle and vessel tax, vehicle purchase tax, value-added tax and enterprise income tax; We will implement preferential tax policies such as energy saving and water saving and comprehensive utilization of resources, study and support tax policies related to carbon emission reduction, and give full play to the role of taxation in promoting the green and low-carbon development of market players. Optimize the tariff structure according to the requirements of accelerating green and low-carbon development and continuously improving environmental quality.

(4) Improve the government’s green procurement policy. Establish and improve the government procurement demand standard system for green and low-carbon products, and formulate the government procurement demand standards for green buildings and green building materials by classification. Vigorously promote the application of prefabricated buildings and green building materials to promote the improvement of building quality. Increase the government procurement of new energy and clean energy official vehicles and ships. In addition to special geographical environment and other factors, official vehicles such as confidential communications should purchase new energy vehicles in principle, giving priority to the rental services of new energy vehicles, and official ships should give priority to the purchase of new energy and clean energy ships. Strengthen the main responsibility of purchasers, specify the requirements of green and low carbon in government procurement documents, and increase the procurement of green and low carbon products.

(5) Strengthening international cooperation in tackling climate change. Based on China’s position as a developing country, we will stabilize the existing multilateral and bilateral climate financing channels and continue to seek technical, financial and project assistance from international financial organizations and foreign governments. Actively participate in the United Nations Climate funding negotiations, promote the full and effective implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Paris Agreement, build a green and low-carbon brand of the Belt and Road Initiative, and jointly promote global climate and environmental governance. Closely follow and actively participate in the formulation of international sustainable disclosure standards.

Fourth, safeguard measures

(1) Strengthen the implementation of responsibilities. The financial departments at all levels should earnestly improve their political stance, attach great importance to the work related to carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions, and promote the realization of the goal of carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions as scheduled in accordance with the relevant requirements of the division of financial affairs and expenditure responsibilities between the central and local governments. Provincial financial departments should improve the working mechanism, study and formulate local financial support to do a good job in peak carbon dioxide emissions’s carbon-neutral policies and measures, compact responsibilities at different levels, clarify the division of responsibilities, and strengthen supervision and guidance to the financial departments of cities and counties. The financial departments of cities and counties are responsible for the financial support of the administrative region for carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions, and do a good job in the implementation of central and provincial policies.

(2) Strengthen coordination and cooperation. Establish and improve the collaborative promotion mechanism of financial departments’ up-and-down linkage and horizontal interaction between finance and other departments. The financial departments at all levels should speed up sorting out the existing policies, clearly support the investment channels related to carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions, include the tasks related to carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions in the scope of support, strengthen coordination with the departments of development and reform, science and technology, industry and informatization, natural resources, ecological environment, housing and urban and rural construction, transportation, water conservancy, agriculture and rural areas, energy, forestry and grass, meteorology, etc., and fully mobilize the enthusiasm of all aspects to form a joint effort.

(3) Strict budget management. Continuously improve the allocation efficiency of financial resources and the efficiency of financial support for carbon-neutral funds in peak carbon dioxide emissions. We will promote the full coverage of budget fund performance management in supporting carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions, strengthen budget fund performance evaluation and daily supervision, and harden budget constraints. Improve the incentive and restraint mechanism to support peak carbon dioxide emissions’s carbon-neutral work by linking the budget arrangement of relevant funds with performance results. Adhere to the convergence of capital investment with policy planning and tasks, and strengthen supervision and evaluation of the completion of objectives and tasks. The local regulatory bureaus of the Ministry of Finance shall evaluate the relevant funds supporting carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions, find problems in time, propose improvement measures, and supervise the local authorities to implement rectification measures.

(4) Intensify study and publicity. Financial cadres at all levels should consciously strengthen the study and research on policies and basic knowledge related to carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions, regard the contents related to carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions as an important part of the education and training system for financial cadres, and enhance the ability of financial cadres at all levels to do a good job in carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions. Increase financial support to do a good job in peak carbon dioxide emissions’s carbon-neutral propaganda and popular science work, encourage qualified areas to strengthen ecological civilization propaganda and education in various ways, build a carbon-neutral theme popular science base in peak carbon dioxide emissions, promote the concept of ecological civilization to be more deeply rooted in people’s hearts, and promote the formation of a good atmosphere for green and low-carbon development.

In addition, the relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Finance answered a reporter’s question on the "Opinions on Financial Support to Do a Good Job in Carbon Neutralization in peak carbon dioxide emissions"

In order to implement the major strategic decision of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions, the Ministry of Finance issued the Opinions on Financial Support for Carbon Neutralization in peak carbon dioxide emissions (No.53 [2022] of the Treasury Department, hereinafter referred to as the Opinions). Recently, the relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Finance answered a reporter’s question about the Opinions.

1. Q: What is the background and significance of the Opinions?

A: Achieving carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions is a major strategic decision made by the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, which is related to the sustainable development of the Chinese nation and the building of a community of human destiny. It is the only way for China to promote high-quality development in the new stage of development. As one of the "1+N" policy systems for carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions, Opinions is the top-level design document for the financial department to implement the relevant major decisions and arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, and it is also an important guarantee scheme for carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions. The promulgation of the "Opinions" is conducive to clarifying the work objectives of financial support for carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions, guiding financial cadres at all levels to improve their political positions, unify their thinking and understanding, and work hard to promote their work; It is conducive to guiding financial departments at all levels to clearly support the key directions and areas of carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions, identify the focus points, and accelerate the establishment and improvement of a fiscal and taxation policy system that promotes efficient use of resources and green and low-carbon development; It is conducive to giving full play to the synergy of fiscal funds, taxation, government procurement and other policies, forming a collaborative promotion mechanism in which the financial sector is linked up and down and the financial sector interacts horizontally with other departments, and vigorously promoting the goal of carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions.

2. Q: What are the general framework and main contents of the Opinions?

A: Based on the current stage of development, the Opinions focus on supporting the realization of peak carbon dioxide emissions’s work, and put forward the comprehensive use of financial funds guidance, tax adjustment, diversified investment, government green procurement and other policy measures to do a good job in financial security, including four parts. The first is the overall requirements. This paper mainly expounds the guiding ideology, working principles and main objectives of financial support for carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions. The second is to support key directions and fields. Clearly focus on supporting the construction of a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system, green and low-carbon transformation in key industries, green and low-carbon technological innovation and basic capacity building, green and low-carbon life and resource conservation and utilization, consolidation and improvement of carbon sink capacity, and improvement of green and low-carbon market system. The third is fiscal policy measures. Including strengthening the guiding role of financial funds, improving the market-oriented diversified investment mechanism, giving play to the incentive and restraint role of tax policies, improving the government’s green procurement policy, and strengthening international cooperation in dealing with climate change. The fourth is safeguard measures. Specifically, it includes four aspects: strengthening the implementation of responsibilities, strengthening coordination and cooperation, strict budget management, and increasing learning and publicity.

3. Q: What are the principles of financial support for carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions?

A: The Opinions put forward four principles. First, based on the current situation and focusing on the long term. Focusing on achieving the goal of carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions as scheduled, we should strengthen the connection between financial support policies and the national "14th Five-Year Plan" outline, seize the critical period and window period of peak carbon dioxide emissions’s work during the 14th Five-Year Plan, implement proactive fiscal policies, improve efficiency, pay more attention to accurate and sustainable requirements, and rationally plan financial support for peak carbon dioxide emissions’s carbon neutrality policy system. The second is to adjust measures to local conditions and make overall plans. Local financial departments make overall consideration of local work basis and reality, promote work in a steady and orderly manner, make classified policies, and formulate and implement financial support measures that are both in line with their own reality and meet the overall requirements. Strengthen the overall planning of financial resources and normalize the implementation of the direct mechanism of financial funds. Promote the coordinated efforts of funds, taxation, government procurement and other policies to improve the effectiveness of fiscal policy. The third is result-oriented, rewarding the superior and punishing the inferior. Strengthen budget constraints and performance management, and the central government will give incentives and support to areas that have achieved outstanding results in promoting related work; Appropriately deduct relevant transfer payment funds in areas where the relevant work is not active or the effect is not obvious, and form an incentive and restraint mechanism. The fourth is to strengthen exchanges and smooth internal and external flows. Adhere to the principles of common but differentiated responsibilities, fairness and respective capabilities, strengthen multilateral and bilateral international financial dialogue, exchange and cooperation, coordinate domestic and international resources, promote advanced green and low-carbon technologies and experiences at home and abroad, deeply participate in global climate governance, and actively strive for international resources support.

4. Q: How to ensure the effectiveness of the Opinions?

A: The Ministry of Finance will guide local financial departments to implement the requirements of the Opinions and focus on the following aspects. First, increase publicity and implementation. Guiding local financial departments to unify their thinking and understanding, improve their political stance, and thoroughly study and understand the major strategic decisions of the CPC Central Committee will promote the realization of carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions into the overall financial work at all levels, improve the learning and training content, and promote the formation of a good atmosphere for green and low-carbon development. The second is to strengthen the implementation of responsibilities. Guide the provincial financial departments to improve the working mechanism, study and formulate local financial support to do a good job in carbon-neutral policies and measures in peak carbon dioxide emissions, compact responsibilities at different levels, clarify the division of responsibilities, strengthen supervision and guidance to the financial departments of cities and counties, and the financial departments of cities and counties are responsible for the work in their respective administrative areas and do a good job in the implementation of superior policies. The third is to strengthen coordination and cooperation. We will speed up the establishment and improvement of a collaborative promotion mechanism for the linkage between the financial departments and the horizontal interaction between finance and other departments, and bring the relevant tasks of carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions into the scope of support, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of all parties and form a joint effort. The fourth is to continuously follow up and ask for results. Continuously improve the efficiency of financial resource allocation and the efficiency of financial support for carbon-neutral funds in peak carbon dioxide emissions, strengthen the performance evaluation and daily supervision of budget funds, and harden budget constraints. Adhere to the convergence of capital investment with policy planning and tasks, and strengthen supervision and evaluation of the completion of objectives and tasks.

Q: What measures has the Ministry of Finance taken to support carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions?

A: Under the guidance of the supreme leader’s ecological civilization thought, the Ministry of Finance conscientiously implements the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, constantly innovates and improves the policy system, and comprehensively uses various policy measures such as financial fund guidance, tax adjustment and government green procurement to support the promotion of carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions. First, strengthen financial guarantee and increase support through multiple channels. In 2021, the central government will strengthen the overall planning of resources, optimize the expenditure structure, and arrange about 350 billion yuan to support green and low-carbon development. The allocation of funds will focus on the promotion and application of clean energy, low-carbon transformation in key industries, scientific and technological innovation and capacity building, and the consolidation and upgrading of carbon sink capacity, so as to improve the accuracy of capital policies. The second is to give full play to the incentive and restraint role of tax policies. On the one hand, we will implement tax policies to support environmental protection and green development. Exempt qualified new energy vehicles from vehicle purchase tax and vehicle and vessel tax to guide green and low-carbon travel; Fully implement the reform of ad valorem collection of mineral resources tax and promote the rational development of resources. On the other hand, optimize the tariff structure, reduce tariffs on some environmental products such as diesel engine filter devices, and implement zero tariffs or low tariffs on resource-based products and steel primary products to guide and promote green and low-carbon development. The third is to promote the establishment of a diversified capital investment mechanism. Through the National Green Development Fund, social capital will be driven to support the green development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and market players in the field of green development will be accelerated by financial means to better serve the green transformation of the real economy. Standardize and orderly promote the cooperation between government and social capital in the field of ecological and environmental protection(PPP), give play to the inciting role of financial funds. The fourth is to continuously improve the government’s green procurement policy. Improve the implementation mechanism of government procurement policies for energy-saving and environmentally-friendly products. Energy-saving and environmentally-friendly products that fall within the scope of the item list can enjoy the support of government compulsory procurement and priority procurement policies as long as they pass the relevant national certification. Compacting the green procurement responsibility of purchasers, promoting the application of green procurement demand standards in the fields of construction, express packaging and commodity packaging, and implementing the green procurement policy objectives. Fifth, actively participate in the governance and cooperation of global environmental climate funding mechanism. Constructively participate in the negotiation on the funding issues of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement, defend the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, safeguard the principle of voluntary capital contribution and the rights and interests of developing countries, and create an external environment conducive to achieving the goal of carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions. Strengthen the strategic guidance to the Global Environment Facility and the Green Climate Fund, and actively use the funds of international multilateral and bilateral institutions to help achieve the goal of carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions.

6. Q: What channels does the Ministry of Finance mainly support the development of clean energy? What are the next steps?

A: Supporting the construction of a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system is an important work to promote carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions. The central government attaches great importance to this and has carried out a lot of work, which has achieved remarkable results. The first is to implement the financial subsidy policy for the promotion and application of new energy vehicles. The Ministry of Finance, together with relevant departments, will continue to improve the subsidy policy for the purchase of new energy vehicles, continuously raise the threshold of subsidy technology, reasonably grasp the strength and pace of subsidy standards, and promote the high-quality development of the new energy vehicle industry. In 2021, the sales of new energy vehicles in China reached 3.521 million, a year-on-year increase of 1.6 times, ranking first in the world for seven consecutive years. At the end of 2021, the Ministry of Finance, together with relevant departments, issued a notice, comprehensively considering factors such as the development plan of the new energy vehicle industry, the market sales trend and the smooth transition of enterprises, and clarifying that the purchase subsidy policy for new energy vehicles will be terminated on December 31, 2022. The second is to implement the subsidy policy for renewable energy power generation. Since 2006, the central government has implemented a subsidy policy for renewable energy power generation based on fixed electricity prices, and strived to promote the high-quality leap-forward development of renewable energy. By the end of 2021, the installed capacity of renewable energy power generation in China reached 1.063 billion kilowatts, including 328 million kilowatts of wind power generation, 306 million kilowatts of photovoltaic power generation and 37.98 million kilowatts of biomass power generation. In 2021, the national renewable energy generation capacity reached 2.48 trillion kWh. The third is to encourage the exploitation and utilization of unconventional natural gas. Since shale gas was included in the scope of subsidies in 2012,Domestic unconventional natural gas production has increased steadily for nine consecutive years. Since 2019, unconventional natural gas included in the scope of subsidies includes shale gas, coalbed methane and tight gas. According to the principle of "more subsidies and more subsidies in winter", unconventional natural gas subsidies are based on the results-oriented method of incremental assessment, encouraging local and enterprises to increase gas production. With the support of policies, the actual exploitation and utilization of unconventional natural gas in 2021 will account for more than one third of China’s total natural gas production, which will become an important guarantee for production. The fourth is to promote clean heating in winter in the northern region. In recent years, the central government has allocated special funds for the prevention and control of air pollution to support the clean heating work in the northern region in winter, including 88 cities in five batches, guiding local governments to carry out clean heating renovation and energy-saving renovation of existing buildings according to local conditions, effectively reducing loose coal consumption, promoting the synergy of pollution reduction and carbon reduction, and promoting the green transformation of energy structure.

7. Q: At present, what are the main tax policies to support green and low-carbon development?

A: Since the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan", China has formed a green tax system framework with environmental protection tax, resource tax and farmland occupation tax "multi-tax governance" and systematic tax preferential policies such as value-added tax and enterprise income tax "multi-policy combination". In the current tax system, resources tax, consumption tax, value-added tax, income tax, vehicle purchase tax and vehicle and vessel tax are closely related to ecological environment protection. The policy design not only pays attention to the incentives for ecological protection and innovative development, but also strengthens the constraints on ecological destruction and extensive development. It also actively promotes tax reduction and fee reduction, releases policy dividends, and injects strong impetus into local high-quality development. First, the consumption tax is levied on refined oil to regulate energy consumption in the transportation field. China implemented the reform of refined oil tax and fee in 2009, and then raised the unit tax of refined oil several times. The second is to set the consumption tax rate differently, reduce the car purchase tax and car and boat tax, and guide green and low-carbon travel. According to the principle of "large displacement and more negative tax, small displacement and less negative tax", the applicable tax rate of consumption tax on passenger cars and motorcycles is set; Exempt new energy vehicles from vehicle purchase tax; Travel tax shall be exempted for new energy vehicles and vessels, and halved for energy-saving vehicles. The third is to levy environmental protection tax from 2018 to reduce pollutant emissions. Four kinds of pollutants, such as air pollutants, water pollutants, solid waste and noise, are levied. The emission costs of key energy users and emitters in thermal power, steel, cement, chemical industry and other industries have increased, which has played a positive role in encouraging cleaner production and promoting energy conservation and emission reduction. Fourth, since July 2016, the reform of ad valorem taxation of mineral resources tax has been fully implemented.Promote the conservation and intensive use of resources. Fifth, implement tax incentives related to value-added tax and enterprise income tax, and guide enterprises to replace fossil energy with clean energy and renewable energy. Improve the preferential tax policies for environmental protection, energy saving and water saving, and issue the Catalogue of Preferential Enterprise Income Tax for Environmental Protection, Energy Saving and Water Saving Projects (2021 Edition); Improve the tax policy for comprehensive utilization of resources, and issue the Announcement on Improving the VAT Policy for Comprehensive Utilization of Resources and the Catalogue of Preferential Enterprise Income Tax for Comprehensive Utilization of Resources (2021 Edition).

8. Q: At present, what is the implementation of the government green procurement policy of the Ministry of Finance? What are the next considerations?

A: In recent years, the Ministry of Finance has continuously improved the government’s green procurement policy and promoted state organs, institutions and organizations to actively purchase and use green and low-carbon products. First, increase compulsory procurement and give priority to energy-saving and environmental protection products. Improve the implementation mechanism of government procurement of energy-saving and environmental protection products. Products that fall within the scope of the list of energy-saving and environmental protection government procurement items can enjoy preferential procurement policies as long as they pass the national certification. In 2020, the procurement scale of energy-saving and environmental protection products will account for more than 85% of the government procurement scale of similar products, effectively promoting the development of related industries and playing a positive leading role in social green consumption. The second is to promote the application of green buildings and green building materials. Six cities including Shaoxing were promoted to use green building materials in public buildings such as hospitals and schools, and new construction methods such as assembly and intelligence were used. The amount of projects included in the pilot reached 102.5 billion yuan. The third is to build a standard system of government green procurement demand. In conjunction with the Ministry of Ecology and Environment and the State Post Bureau, the demand standards for express packaging were formulated, and indicators such as heavy metal content in packaging materials were specified from three aspects: green, reduced and recyclable, so as to guide suppliers to use recycled organic and renewable packaging products. Study and formulate government procurement demand standards such as green data center and printing and copying consumables. The fourth is to support the green procurement of key products. To promote the application of new energy vehicles, it is required that confidential communication, law enforcement duty and commuting vehicles with relatively fixed routes purchase new energy vehicles in principle, and guide Hainan Province to try to purchase domestic clean energy vehicles.In the fixed-point procurement scheme of furniture, printing, automobile maintenance and other central budget units, it is clearly required to use low-volatile raw and auxiliary materials to reduce air pollution. In the next step, the Ministry of Finance will accelerate the establishment and improvement of the government procurement demand standard system for green and low-carbon products, and classify and formulate the government procurement demand standards for green buildings and green building materials; Vigorously promote the application of prefabricated buildings and green building materials to promote the improvement of building quality; Strengthen the main responsibility of purchasers, specify the requirements of green and low carbon in government procurement documents, and increase the procurement of green and low carbon products.

9. Q: How does the Ministry of Finance support the R&D and promotion of green and low-carbon technologies and basic capacity building?

A: In supporting scientific and technological innovation. First, support scientific research activities related to green and low-carbon development by supporting the organization and implementation of science and technology plans (special projects, funds, etc.) of the central government, such as supporting the implementation of key national R&D plans such as clean and efficient utilization of coal and new energy-saving technologies, renewable energy and hydrogen energy technologies, new energy vehicles, green buildings and building industrialization, and nuclear safety and advanced nuclear energy technologies during the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan period, so as to upgrade the technologies supporting green and low-carbon development. From 2021, we will support the layout of key projects of the national key R&D plan "Earth System and Global Change (Research and Demonstration of Key Technologies of Carbon Neutralization in peak carbon dioxide emissions)". Second, provide stable support to relevant central scientific research institutes and state key laboratories in the field of green and low-carbon development, support them to improve the basic conditions of scientific research, and independently carry out research. Relevant units can independently carry out research related to green and low-carbon development around the national strategic deployment and the requirements of industry departments. In supporting basic capacity building. Mainly through the budget of relevant departments to support relevant departments to strengthen environmental quality monitoring, environmental monitoring and law enforcement, natural resources management, natural ecological protection and other key work, strengthen the construction of carbon emission statistical accounting and supervision system, carry out carbon monitoring and evaluation pilot, carbon emission statistical accounting and analysis, and at the same time strengthen the basic theory, basic methods and realization path research of carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions.

10. Q: What funds does the Ministry of Finance mainly use to support the consolidation and upgrading of carbon sink capacity, and what is the effect?

A: The central government supports the enhancement of ecological carbon sink capacity of forests, grasslands, wetlands and oceans through central-local transfer payments. First, through key ecological protection and restoration funds, support the integrated protection and restoration project of mountains, rivers, fields, lakes, grass and sand, implement the demonstration project of ecological restoration of abandoned mines left over from history, promote the comprehensive management, systematic management and source management of mountains, rivers, forests, fields and lakes, effectively promote ecological restoration, improve the ecosystem quality of the core areas of key ecological areas such as Qilian Mountain (600720), Loess Plateau and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River as a whole, and expand the ecological space. Second, through the transfer of funds from forestry and grassland, we will further promote large-scale land greening actions, comprehensively protect natural forests, consolidate the achievements of returning farmland to forests and grasslands, support forest resources management and protection and prevention of forest and grassland fires, strengthen grassland ecological restoration and management, and strengthen wetland protection and restoration. China’s forest coverage rate has increased to 23.04%, grassland comprehensive vegetation coverage rate has reached 56.1%, and wetland protection rate has reached 52%. The prevention and control of desertification land has become a global model. Third, through the marine ecological protection and restoration funds, we will promote the "Blue Bay" rectification action, mangrove protection and restoration, and coastal protection and restoration projects as a whole, and enhance the carbon fixation capacity of mangroves, seagrass beds, and Dunaliella salina. Fourth, through agricultural resources and ecological protection subsidy funds, we will implement the third round of grassland ecological protection subsidy and reward policies, accelerate the transformation of the development mode of grass and animal husbandry, promote the steady recovery of grassland ecological environment, promote the protection and utilization of black land in Northeast China, and carry out green planting and recycling agriculture pilot.Promote the comprehensive utilization of crop straw.

CCTV News:According to Qiushi Mobile Newspaper: On June 16th, the 12th issue of Qiushi magazine published a signed article by Shen Haixiong, entitled "Learning History, Understanding and Understanding".

The full text is as follows:

Learn from history, understand and understand.

Shen Haixiong

History is the best teacher. The Communist Party of China (CPC)’s century-long suffering and glory is a magnificent epic in human history. Learning Party History well is a compulsory course, which is a major practical issue, and it is also a lifelong issue for every party member cadre. "If you have faith in your heart, you can go far." Learning the party’s century-old history well is the source of strength for us to constantly strengthen our historical strength and enhance our ambition, backbone and confidence to be Chinese. We deeply realize that the most important thing for us to persist in studying history and understanding is to understand the truth, integrate knowledge and practice, and turn the achievements of learning and education into practical actions to fulfill our initial mission.

On the premise of learning history and understanding, carry out the study and education of party history with high quality

General Secretary of the Supreme Leader profoundly pointed out that the history of the Party is the most vivid and convincing textbook. It has always been our party’s political advantage and glorious tradition to attach importance to studying the history of the party and drawing wisdom and strength from the history of the party. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader delivered a series of important speeches and instructions on the study and education of party history on many occasions, such as the mobilization meeting on the study and education of party history, Politburo meeting of the Chinese Communist Party, the opening ceremony of the training course for young and middle-aged cadres of the Central Party School (National School of Administration), and the group discussion of the National People’s Congress and the National People’s Congress.

On the occasion of the upsurge of learning in the whole party, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed during his inspection in Fujian: "To learn history and be sensible in the study and education of party history, being sensible is the premise of increasing trust, advocating morality and practicing." The important instructions of the General Secretary have given us profound enlightenment. We feel that understanding history, enhancing trust, respecting morality and practicing history are an interconnected and organically unified whole. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader put "learning history and understanding" as the first item, and specially emphasized the "premise" role of "understanding" in it, which has strong ideological, guiding and pertinence, and provided us with an important epistemology and methodology for further studying and educating Party history with high standards and high quality.

On the premise of understanding history, it is necessary to fully understand the basic role of "understanding" in the study and education of party history.Engels pointed out that where history begins, the ideological process should also begin. It is a great political advantage of our party to persist in ideological party building, be good at using Marxist theory to invigorate and strengthen the party and promote the party’s career process. Looking back on the party’s 100-year history, there is a fundamental law, that is: theoretical sobriety is a firm premise of belief and the most fundamental sobriety. Looking back at all previous centralized education activities in the history of our party, ideological education and theoretical study all started, which is the inheritance of our party’s past experience. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has repeatedly emphasized the importance of party member cadres to strengthen theoretical study, and put theoretical thinking, theoretical accomplishment and theoretical level in an important position. The general secretary profoundly pointed out: "Only when you are sober in theory can you be politically sober, and only when you are firm in theory can you be politically firm." This time, the study and education of party history in the whole party also takes strengthening ideological and theoretical armed forces as the first requirement. On the premise of learning history and understanding reason, we should profoundly understand the "truth flavor" of Marxism from the party’s century-long course, further arm and unite the party and the people with the latest achievements of Marxism in China, and always maintain theoretical sobriety and political firmness.

The premise of learning history and understanding is to achieve "four profound understandings".General Secretary of the Supreme Leader profoundly pointed out, "We should profoundly understand why the Communist Party of China (CPC) can, why Marxism works and why Socialism with Chinese characteristics is good from the brilliant achievements, arduous journey, historical experience and fine traditions of the Party, and make clear the historical logic, theoretical logic and practical logic. We should profoundly understand the historical inevitability of adhering to the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership and strengthen our confidence in the Party’s leadership. We should deeply understand the truth of Marxism and its China-based innovation theory, and strengthen the firmness of consciously implementing the Party’s innovation theory. We must profoundly understand the correctness of Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s road and unswervingly follow the only correct road of Socialism with Chinese characteristics. " These "four profound understandings" condense the profound thinking and strategic consideration of the Supreme Leader’s General Secretary on the century-old party history, which is a specific requirement for "learning history and understanding" and shows deep historical consciousness and strong historical responsibility. On the premise of learning history and understanding, it is necessary to understand the rich connotation of "the key to China’s success lies in the Party", how Marxism profoundly changed China and China, and how Socialism with Chinese characteristics is the only way to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. We should always remain sober and firm in "catching the exam", constantly sharpen our initial mission, and constantly enhance our historical consciousness and self-confidence.

On the premise of learning history and understanding, it is necessary to profoundly grasp the truth power and practical power of the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era.General Secretary of the Supreme Leader profoundly pointed out that "the history of our Party is a history of constantly promoting the China of Marxism and a history of constantly promoting theoretical innovation and theoretical creation". There is no end to practice, and there is no end to theoretical innovation. Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era is a concentrated summary of the practical experience since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. It is also a profound condensation of the historical experience over the past 40 years of reform and opening up, over the past 70 years of the founding of New China and over the past 100 years of the founding of our Party. It has achieved a new historic leap in the China of Marxism, and it is contemporary China Marxism and 21st century Marxism.

Thought is power. Since last year, in the face of the interweaving of the century epidemic and the hundred-year changes, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has led the whole party and the people of all ethnic groups across the country to take the road, meet the big exams, seek great events and pass the mark, and handed over an answer sheet that is satisfactory to the people, attracts worldwide attention and can go down in history. China’s total economic output exceeded 100 trillion yuan, accounting for about 17% of the world economy, ranking second in the world; The per capita GDP has exceeded $10,000, steadily moving towards the ranks of high-income countries; Major breakthroughs have been made in comprehensively deepening reforms, major steps have been taken in building democracy and the rule of law, people’s living standards have been significantly improved, and the party has been strictly managed in an all-round way. In particular, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader personally commanded, deployed and supervised the war, leading the whole party and the people of all nationalities to win the all-round victory in the battle against poverty. For thousands of years, the dream of the Chinese nation getting rid of poverty has been realized in the hands of our generation. The leader’s core and strong leadership of the Supreme Leader’s General Secretary, the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s great image and lofty prestige, and Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s institutional advantages have all been sublimated in the great practice of the new era, and have been more deeply rooted in the hearts of the people in China and abroad, and the cohesion and centripetal force of the party’s heart and people’s hearts have been greatly enhanced.

Each of us is a witness, witness and recorder of this period of history, and has a personal feeling and experience of the truth power and practical power of the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era. On the premise of learning history and understanding, it is necessary to firmly grasp the important theme of learning and understanding Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the new era, deeply understand the extraordinary power of the important exposition of the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader, hold high this great ideological banner and spiritual banner in the new era and new journey, and truly understand this "heart sutra" and master this "true sutra".

Taking audio and video as the media, we should better integrate "learning history and understanding" into the propaganda and reporting of the centenary of the founding of the Party.

The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader attaches great importance to the propaganda and education of the party history, and profoundly points out that "it is a very important work in the overall work of the party and the state to comprehensively publicize the party’s history and give full play to the role of the party’s history in learning from the present and educating people with resources." Emphasize that the history of the party is a vivid teaching material to carry forward the socialist core values, carry out revolutionary tradition education and patriotism education; It is very important to tell stories and tell good stories; Encourage the creation of literary and artistic works on the theme of party history, especially film and television works; Take a clear-cut stand against historical nihilism and strengthen ideological guidance and theoretical analysis. Whether presiding over important meetings, attending important events, or inspecting revolutionary memorial sites, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader personally set an example, telling many touching stories in the history of the Party and vividly expounding the essence of learning history and understanding. For example, the story of Chen Wangdao’s translation of the communist party Declaration, the story of "the quartermaster" and "half a quilt" in the Long March, the story of Comrade Jiao Yulu, the story of Comrade Gu Wenchang, the story of "Qi Xin working together to build Baotou Steel" and "3,000 orphans entering Inner Mongolia", and so on. Over the years, the "red footprint" of the Supreme Leader’s General Secretary has spread all over the north and south of the country. The people’s leaders have set a shining example for us to persist in learning history and telling the story of party history with their words and deeds.

The important exposition and vivid demonstration of the Supreme Leader General Secretary is an important follow-up for us to do a good job in the propaganda and reporting of the centenary of the founding of the Party, and provides a valuable "spiritual mine" for vividly telling the story of the centenary party. We constantly seek inspiration, ideas, themes, inspirations and answers from the important expositions of the Supreme Leader General Secretary. Under the strong leadership of Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China, "Ping" language is close to people &mdash; &mdash; A large number of stories, connotations and infectious masterpieces, such as Allusions Favored by the Supreme Leader (Season 2), Crossing the Yalu River, Getting rid of Poverty, China in Classics, History of the Party in Art Classics, Red Archives, and The Last Pen, give full play to the advantages of mainstream media’s integration and communication and platform resources, and deeply interpret the important exposition of General Secretary Supreme Leader with audio and video as the media.

Let history reappear in seeking truth.We give full play to the advantages of video and audio to reproduce the century-long history of our party. For example, the 365-episode special report "the Communist Party of China (CPC) Centennial Moment" planned and launched by Voice of China, the general station, and 100 national radio stations is a practice of seeking truth. Almost every issue of this series has precious historical soundtracks, including the speeches of Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping and other comrades, as well as the historical soundtracks of Chinese’s first climb to Mount Everest, and a large number of old documentaries and movies. Behind every shocking voice, there are touching historical moments, showing a century-old memory.

Let history live in the pursuit of depth.For example, the large-scale history column "National Memory" shows the close connection between personal experience and the fate of home and country, avoids falling into the trap of empty preaching, and is good at personalized, story-telling and microscopic narration. The story fragments in each episode are almost an independent and complete micro-documentary, and after combination, it is a documentary feature film. This flexible combination arrangement not only allows the audience to know a relatively complete historical detail in a short time, but also allows new audiences to "enter the show" seamlessly. Taking "Resisting US Aggression and Aid Korea to Protect Our Country and Defend Our Country" as an example, the creative team conducted detailed research and combing at home and abroad for one year. Some precious files were decrypted for the first time in the film, and more than 100 precious cultural relics were photographed to resist US aggression and aid Korea. Many historical images were made public for the first time in the film.

Let history be touching in seeking details.The party history program is a creation that fears history, and it needs to be tirelessly pursued and verified in every detail of history. At the end of February this year, we created a six-episode documentary about the education of party history, focusing on the "The Last Written Poem of the Martyrs". How to make the "unique pen" really "see words like a face", we have worked hard, skillfully and carefully in creation. The large-scale integrated media program "Pursuit &mdash; &mdash; The Story Behind the Red Letters takes the red letters as the breakthrough point, and integrates the stories behind with the true feelings. Letters soaked with smoke and blood show the firm faith of communist party people, and stories of tenacious struggle and struggle show the revolutionary pride of communist party people, which really makes the history of the party come alive and makes the faith burn.

Let history shine in the pursuit of beauty.After a hundred years’ journey, many heroic deeds, touching moments and magnificent pictures have emerged. This great change is also the most precious source of life for art creation. We innovatively published "The History of the Party in Fine Arts Classics", which carries forward the spirit of China with distinctive concreteness and strong artistic tension. It not only depicts the greatness of the great party that led the people of China to create the world, change the world and shake the earth, but also is permeated with the meteorological beauty of high spirits, unremitting efforts and innovation; It not only profoundly reflects the great historical changes of the Chinese nation, but also vividly depicts the spiritual map of communist party people.

On the occasion of the centenary of the founding of the Party, the Central Radio and Television General Station continued to thoroughly study and implement the spirit of a series of important instructions given by the Supreme Leader General Secretary on the work of the General Station, gave full play to the advantages of the General Station in communication channels, production power and platform resources, strived to enhance the leading power, communication power and influence of the propaganda and reports on the centenary of the founding of the Party, and actively created a strong atmosphere of celebrating the centenary birthday and creating great historical achievements.

Give full play to the advantages of integrated communication and do a good job in publicity and reporting.We have carefully planned and made overall plans, deepened the successful practice of promoting the publicity and reporting of the 70th anniversary of the National Day of the General Station, and solidly promoted the live broadcast and other work to ensure that the operations of various types of work and large corps of various systems are smooth and orderly. In accordance with the standard of "world-class, best in history", we actively apply new technologies and means such as 5G, 4K/8K, AI, etc., highlighting the sense of scene and embodying the sense of ceremony, so that the live coverage can be as beautiful and shocking as a movie blockbuster. We will further deepen the working spirit of striving for perfection, being meticulous and pursuing perfection, carefully polish every shot, every picture, every detail and every process, and ensure that all links such as content, technology, transmission and wiring are assured and foolproof, and we will go all out and devote ourselves to presenting the eternal chapter of the grand ceremony perfectly.

The picture shows the recording scene of the special program "National University Students’ Party History Knowledge Contest" creatively launched by the Central Radio and Television General Station. Photo courtesy of Central Radio and Television Headquarters

Give full play to the advantages of producing high-quality programs, persistently pursue Excellence and create first-class.Under the guidance of Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China, we have made solid progress and carefully polished a large number of works, such as Dare to Teach the Sun and Moon to Change the Sky, Years of Mountains and Rivers, Armageddon, Symphony Concert of Music, Poetry and Painting to Celebrate the Centenary of the Founding of the Communist Party of China (CPC), National University Students’ Party History Knowledge Contest and National Red Story Interpreter Competition, and formed the communication trend of "like a pouring of large and small pearls into a plate of jade". Pay attention to the innovative application of new media and new technologies, highlight the youthful and vivid expression, combine grand narrative with wonderful details, reflect the sense of historical depth and distinct sense of the times, create more vivid and vivid "explosive" products, and attract a wide audience, especially young people, to participate in the interaction.

Give full play to the advantages of platform resources and serve the overall situation of the party and the state.We deeply understand the spirit of the important instructions of the Supreme Leader General Secretary and earnestly shoulder the responsibility of the mainstream media. For example, innovate and carry out the "Brand Power Project" &mdash; &mdash; Media public welfare actions such as "Rural Revitalization Action", "Buy All over China", "Public Welfare Live Broadcasting with Goods" and "Spring Blossoms and National Employment Action" help to do a good job in the "Six Guarantees" work, implement the "Six Guarantees" task, and actively integrate and serve the new development pattern. Give full play to the advantages of the 44-language external communication platform of the General Station, compile and push major political reports and cultural and artistic programs in the century since the founding of the Party, and accurately spread "one country, one policy". Accelerate the improvement of the reception desk’s external communication delivery capability, develop and create a number of flat, peaceful, rigorous, vivid and easy-to-accept external communication fist products, such as the Supreme Leader’s Talk on Governing the Country, the animated micro-documentary, and the documentary "The Track of History", so as to effectively and effectively tell the story of the Communist Party of China (CPC) to the outside world.

Draw wisdom and strength from "learning history and understanding"

Looking back is to move forward better. In the upsurge of party history study and education, we put understanding, increasing trust, respecting morality and practicing throughout the whole process of study and education, and made great efforts in learning party history, understanding ideas, doing practical things and opening up new bureaus, striving for practical results, learning the compulsory course of party history in a down-to-earth manner, and drawing forward wisdom and strength in "learning history and understanding"

Focus on "learning the history of the party", constantly draw spiritual strength, carry forward the red tradition and inherit the red gene.General Secretary of the Supreme Leader systematically explained the spiritual pedigree of the Communist Party of China (CPC) people, and pointed out that "the reason why our Party has been flourishing and enduring hardships for a hundred years is because of such a strong spirit of revolution and desperation". On the basis of organizing party member cadres to seriously study the designated teaching materials, we take Chongqing Hongyan Revolutionary Memorial Hall as the learning and education base of the Party history of the main station, carry out "four hundred", that is, 100 party building papers, 100 party day activities with excellent themes of party history, 100 party history micro-videos and 100 micro-party classes, hold a party history knowledge contest for young cadres, make good use of red resources by combining online and offline, educate and guide party member cadres to firmly establish a correct view of party history, and drum up a new journey.

Focus on "understanding thoughts", constantly draw on the power of truth, and temper the political character of absolute loyalty to the party.Firmly grasp the priority of further understanding the ideological power, take the study and education of party history as an important opportunity, and further make real contributions and seek practical results in learning and understanding Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era of being the supreme leader. We innovatively use special party classes, special party day activities, organized life meetings, special reading classes, discussion and exchange meetings, youth theoretical study groups, learning platforms for "learning to strengthen the country", and online party schools at the reception desk, etc., to promote the theoretical armed forces to go deep, go deep and go practical. Intensify the efforts of inspectors to promote learning and examination, educate and guide party member cadres to study article by article, repeatedly understand and feel attentively, constantly improve their political judgment, political understanding and political execution, earnestly enhance their ideological consciousness, political consciousness and action consciousness of resolutely achieving "two maintenance", and unswervingly walk the first phalanx.

Focus on "doing practical things", constantly draw on the strength of the people and practice the people-centered development thinking.Consolidate and expand the educational achievements on the theme of "Do not forget your initiative mind, Keep in mind the mission", adhere to the people-centered creative orientation, go deep into life, take root in the people, constantly enhance the strength, eyesight, brain power and pen power, and strive to improve the artistic level and mass satisfaction of literary, film and television programs. We have carried out the practical activities of "I do practical things for the masses" in a down-to-earth manner, given full play to the resource advantages of the media platform of the reception desk, continued to do a good job in helping the construction of a new era civilization practice center in Gansu, helped the rural revitalization of Xide County in Liangshan, Sichuan, and organized broadcasters and presenters to go deep into the grassroots to carry out public welfare activities and cultural and artistic condolences. Solidly promote the "popular support project" of Zhuozhou housing project, the renovation of old residential areas, the construction of medical associations and enterprise annuities, and sincerely do practical things, do good things and solve difficult problems for employees.

Focus on "opening a new game", constantly draw on the strength of endeavor, and build a world-class new mainstream media with strong leading power, communication power and influence.The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed that it is necessary to combine the study of party history with summing up experience, observing reality and promoting work, and turn learning results into work motivation and results. The purpose of learning is to use. We have made great efforts to promote action through knowledge, to integrate the study and education of Party history with the in-depth study and implementation of the spirit of a series of important instructions of the Supreme Leader General Secretary on the work of the General Desk, and to effectively improve the political ability, strategic vision and professional level of grasping the new development stage, implementing the new development concept and building a new development pattern. We will continue to deepen the transformation of the main station from the traditional radio and television media to the all-media organization that produces and publishes world-class original audio and video, from the traditional program production and broadcasting mode to the deepening of the structural reform of the content production and supply side, and from the traditional technical layout to the strategic pattern of "5G+4K/8K+AI", so as to promote the high-quality development of the main station and achieve greater results, and add luster to the party’s centennial birthday with the practical achievements of the main station staff.

Source: Qiushi 2021/12

Author: Shen Haixiong, deputy director of the Propaganda Department of the CPC Central Committee, director and editor-in-chief of the Central Radio and Television General Station.

Three major US stock indexes overnightMixed up and down,S&P 500 indexIt rose by 0.12% to 4508.24 points.Nasdaq composite indexIt rose by 0.07% to 14,113.67 points.Dow Jones industrial averageIt fell by 0.13% to 34,945.47 points.

Among the US stocks overnight,A total of 81 Chinese stocks rose and 177 Chinese stocks fell..

Popular Chinese stocksAmong them, Alibaba fell by 9.14%, Pinduoduo by 1.20%, Netease by 2.37%, JD.COM by 1.78%, Baidu by 3.15%, New Oriental by 1.73%, Billy by 7.63% and Iqiyi by 4.19%.

New forces of building carsAll fell, LI fell by 4.10%, Weilai fell by 6.80% and Xpeng Motors fell by 6.67%.

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ZTO Express’s adjusted income per ADS in the third fiscal quarter was 2.83 yuan, and analysts expected 2.81 yuan; After adjustment in the third fiscal quarter, EBITDA was 3.44 billion yuan; Revenue in the third fiscal quarter was 9.08 billion yuan, and analysts expected 9.97 billion yuan.

Cai Chongxin responded to Alibaba Cloud’s suspension of spin-off: the big environment has changed, and now it is necessary to show the value of cloud business through further investment.

On the conference call of Ali Financial Report, some investors asked whether Alibaba Cloud’s listing plan would be suspended or cancelled forever, and whether Alibaba Cloud’s spin-off would be reconsidered after the market situation changed. In this regard, Cai Chongxin, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Alibaba Group, did not give a clear answer. Cai Chongxin said that at that time, I wanted to do the complete spin-off of Alibaba Cloud because I wanted to show the real value of the business through the so-called financial engineering. At that time, Alibaba Cloud’s big environment, the whole operation was predictable, and the growth trend of the business could be displayed to investors transparently. "Now the big environment has changed. Now we no longer show the value of the cloud business through financial engineering, but through further investment, and we will seek to improve its growth, including revenue and profit." (The Paper)

Alibaba: Take businesses and products that meet the needs of users and the trend of AI-driven change as the first priority.

Wu Yongming, CEO of Alibaba Group, said that Alibaba Group will play a better role in strategic incubation. On the one hand, for businesses and products that meet the needs of users and the trend of AI-driven change, it is the first priority; On the other hand, for future-oriented innovative products, we will resolutely invest in long-term ideas, while maintaining strategic patience, and take three years as the evaluation and value test cycle to cultivate new business and new kinetic energy for Alibaba’s future development. (CBN)

Ali CEO Wu Yongming: Alibaba Cloud maintains an independent company operation and adopts the CEO responsibility system authorized by the board of directors.

According to The Paper, on the evening of November 16th, Wu Yongming participated in the quarterly earnings analyst conference call for the first time as CEO of Alibaba Group. On the basis of clarifying the reform measures of Alibaba Group, Wu Yongming introduced the development strategies and priorities of various business groups completely. Taobao Tmall adheres to the strategy of consumption classification and price power; Alibaba Cloud will adhere to the principle of "AI-driven, public cloud first" and develop with two-wheel drive of AI and cloud computing. Ali Group will maintain a long-term firm investment in the strategic direction of Alibaba Cloud, while Cloud Intelligence Group will continue to operate as an independent company and adopt the CEO responsibility system authorized by the board of directors.

Ali’s 1688, Idle Fish, Nail and Quark will operate as independent subsidiaries in the future.

According to the Securities Times, on the evening of November 16, at the conference call of financial analysts, Wu Yongming, CEO of Alibaba Group, announced the first batch of strategic innovative businesses-1688, idle fish, nails and quarks. In the future, these strategic innovative businesses will be organized as independent subsidiaries, and the business will break the previous positioning restrictions within the group. Ali will continue to invest in 3-5 years. Wu Yongming also clarified the selection criteria for strategic innovation business for the first time: having a huge enough market space; Have a unique market positioning; In line with the user demand trend and the group’s "AI-driven" strategy. "Successful technology companies must have the ability to cross the technology cycle," Wu Yongming said. Facing the AI ? ? era, Ali will resolutely devote himself to the technology revolution and product innovation, create innovative business and technology products, and meet the new expectations and new demands of the expanding market for products and services.

Alibaba Wu Yongming: Prioritizing user purchase frequency over GMV is the most critical goal of platform operation.

Wu Yongming, CEO of Alibaba, said that Taobao will adhere to the positioning of Internet consumption platform, and Taotian Group will not position itself as a retail company. Starting from the positioning of consumption platform, we will adhere to the user-first perspective in strategy, and take improving platform stickiness and customer retention as the core goal. From the perspective of operation, we will take the priority of user purchase frequency over GMV as the most critical goal of platform operation, and the purchase frequency directly reflects the user’s recognition of the consumption platform. (Sina Finance)

Alibaba Wu Yongming: Rookie will accelerate the construction of global intelligent logistics network.

Alibaba CEO Wu Yongming said that for the next three years, the rookie’s core strategy is to accelerate the construction of global intelligent logistics network, increase investment in logistics technology, seize the historical opportunity of rapid development of cross-border e-commerce, and achieve rapid growth of international business by providing innovative products for cross-border e-commerce platforms and businesses; Adhere to the road of differentiation in China, export scientific and technological capabilities, help brand merchants and manufacturers improve the digital and intelligent level of logistics, provide high-quality, multi-platform and omni-channel supply chain and logistics solutions for brand merchants and consumers, and maintain the healthy development of business. (Sina Finance)

Ali CEO Wu Yongming: Insist on "Universal Taobao" and regard price power as the core strategy of commodities at all levels.

According to CBN, on the evening of November 16, at the conference call of financial analysts, Wu Yongming, CEO of Alibaba Group, said that the business priority of Taobao Tmall would be further clarified-users first. Focusing on users first, Taobao has three persistences: insisting on being a "universal Taobao", insisting on the strategy of consumption classification and price power, and insisting on the user value positioning of the Internet consumption platform. Wu Yongming believes that Taobao should firmly be a comprehensive platform to meet the multi-level needs of the largest consumer groups in order to increase the frequency of purchases. This is Taobao Tmall’s choice to keep growing in today’s competitive landscape. Taobao will also implement a multi-level market strategy and price power strategy within an APP. Wu Yongming said that Taobao is a super APP, covering three mainstream sales models: live content-driven model, brand marketing model and daily low-price model, and has the ability to accommodate multiple product stratification and multiple value propositions from brands to white brands. I hope that through the iteration of AI technology and operation mode, Taobao will truly become a consumer APP that embraces diversified markets, and take price power as the core strategy of commodities at all levels.

Alibaba: In FY 2023, the total annual dividend will be about $2.5 billion.

Alibaba announced that the board of directors has approved the distribution of the annual cash dividend for fiscal year 2023 to the holders of common shares and American Depositary Shares registered at the close of business on December 21, 2023, Hong Kong time and new york time, with the amount of 0.125 USD per common share or 1.00 USD per American Depositary Share, respectively, to be paid in USD. The total dividend is about $2.5 billion.

Alibaba: The number of employees decreased by 3,720 in a single quarter.

Alibaba Group released its report for the second fiscal quarter of fiscal year 2024 as of September 30, 2023, with a total of 224,955 employees and 228,675 employees as of June 30, 2023.

Alibaba: Rookie’s revenue in the second fiscal quarter increased by 25% year-on-year

Alibaba Group released the second fiscal quarter report of fiscal year 2024 as of September 30, and the single-quarter revenue of Cainiao Group was 22.823 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 25%. According to the number of parcels delivered in 2022, Cainiao has become the world’s number one cross-border e-commerce logistics company. This quarter, Cainiao launched the flagship product of cross-border logistics "Global 5-Day Reach", covering 8 countries and regions. This quarter, the rookie adjusted EBITA to 906 million yuan.

Alibaba: Repurchase about 18.6 million American Depositary Shares for about $1.7 billion.

Alibaba announced that about 18.6 million American Depositary Shares (equivalent to 148.4 million ordinary shares) were repurchased for about $1.7 billion in this fiscal quarter according to the company’s share repurchase plan.

Alibaba: In September, Taobao app users achieved healthy year-on-year natural growth.

Alibaba’s financial report pointed out that as of September 30, 2023, thanks to our content and price competitiveness strategy, Taobao app users achieved healthy year-on-year natural growth. As we continue to increase interactive content and expand the categories of goods with competitive prices provided by existing and new businesses, the number of buyers and orders recorded an increase in this quarter. In addition, the number of 88VIP members in this quarter exceeded 30 million, achieving double-digit growth year-on-year. The 15th Tmall double 11 Global Carnival Season of Taotian Group was successfully concluded, and its participating merchants, trading buyers and orders all recorded positive growth compared with the same period of last year.

Alibaba: The expansion of export control rules in the United States may have a major adverse impact on Cloud Intelligence Group.

Alibaba’s financial report pointed out that in October 2023, the United States expanded its export control rules and further restricted the export of advanced computing chips and semiconductor manufacturing equipment to China. In our opinion, these new restrictions may have a significant adverse impact on the ability of Cloud Intelligence Group to provide products and services and to perform existing contracts, thus negatively affecting our operating performance and financial position. These new restrictions may also have a broader impact on many of our related businesses and limit our ability to upgrade our technology.

Alibaba: Box Ma Xiansheng’s IPO plan has been suspended.

Alibaba’s financial report shows that Box Horse Xiansheng’s IPO plan has been suspended, and we are evaluating the market situation.

Alibaba: Resolutely increase strategic investment in Alibaba Cloud and no longer promote complete spin-off

On November 16, Alibaba Group’s financial report revealed that due to various uncertainties, the complete spin-off of Cloud Intelligence Group will no longer be promoted. At the same time, Alibaba will resolutely increase its sustained strategic investment in Alibaba Cloud to ensure that Alibaba Cloud will focus on the development strategy of "AI+ cloud computing" and build a technologically advanced cloud computing service in the AI era.

Alibaba’s Q2 revenue in fiscal year 2024 was 224.79 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 9%.

Alibaba’s Q2 revenue in fiscal year 2024 was 224.79 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 9%; The adjusted net profit was 40.19 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 19%; After adjustment, EBITDA was 49.24 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 14%; After adjustment, the income per ADS was 15.63 yuan, compared with 12.92 yuan in the same period of last year. The total dividend will be about $2.5 billion; The board of directors approved the annual cash dividend of $0.125 per common stock. Ant Financial contributed $116 million in profits to Alibaba in the second quarter.

Ali Health: It will be held at the board meeting on November 28th.

Ali Health announced on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange that a board meeting will be held on Tuesday, November 28, 2023, with the purpose of considering and passing (including) the unaudited interim results of the Company and its subsidiaries for the six months ended September 30, 2023, and considering the proposal to pay interim dividends (if any).

Ma Yun Family Trust intends to reduce Alibaba’s holdings.

According to the 144 documents disclosed by official website of the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Ma Yun’s family trust JC Properties Limited (a British Virgin Islands company) and JSP Investment Limited (a British Virgin Islands company) intend to reduce their holdings by 5,000,000 shares of Alibaba’s founder respectively on November 21st. It involves a total stock market value of 870.7 million US dollars.

Sina and Huawei reached a cooperation to start the development of native applications in HarmonyOS such as Weibo.

According to Sina News, today, Sina Group and Huawei held the launching ceremony of HarmonyOS native application development, officially announced the development of HarmonyOS native application of Weibo and Sina News, and launched comprehensive and in-depth cooperation in the fields of technological innovation, industrial application and commercial cooperation.

Netease’s revenue in the third quarter was 1.54 billion yuan, up 9.7% year-on-year.

On November 16th, according to Netease’s financial report, in the third quarter of 2023, Netease had a net revenue of 1.54 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 9.7%, and its gross profit margin increased to 55.9%.

Alipay responded that the membership service "collapsed": the situation was quickly fixed.

On November 16th, Alipay customer service official Bo issued a document saying that this afternoon, a small number of users did not access the Alipay member channel smoothly, and the situation was quickly fixed.

JPMorgan Chase reduced its long position in Hong Kong shares in Xpeng Motors from 5.13% to 4.73%.

According to HKEx documents, JPMorgan Chase reduced its long position in Hong Kong shares in Xpeng Motors from 5.13% to 4.73% on November 13th.

Netease Q3 financial report: net income of 27.3 billion yuan, self-developed large-scale model batch landing business front line.

On November 16th, Netease released the Q3 financial report for 2023. In the third quarter, Netease’s performance was steady with a net income of 27.3 billion yuan; Under non-GAAP, the net profit attributable to shareholders of the company was 8.6 billion yuan; The R&D investment in a single quarter was 4.3 billion yuan, and the R&D investment in the first three quarters of this year has exceeded 12 billion yuan. During the quarter, Netease AI’s self-developed large-scale model was applied in batches in core business and physical scenes, and at the same time, technology was used to help the smart Asian Games, increase the protection of minors, and innovate to play the social value of technology.

LI: The ideal MEGA Max is expected to sell for less than 600,000 yuan.

On November 16th, LI Guanwei announced that the Ideal MEGA will open the reservation at 9:40 on November 17th, 2023. The expected price of the ideal MEGA Max is less than 600,000 yuan, and the official price will be announced at the press conference in December 2023. The ideal MEGA delivery will start in late February 2024.

Xiao Yafei, Secretary of Dongguan Municipal Party Committee, met with Li Yanhong, Chairman and CEO of Baidu.

According to WeChat official account news of WeChat released by Dongguan, Xiao Yafei, secretary of Dongguan Municipal Party Committee, met with Robin Li, founder, chairman and CEO of Baidu, and his party on November 15th. The two sides had in-depth exchanges on deepening strategic cooperation and promoting the high-quality development and high-level application of artificial intelligence. Xiao Yafei said that at present, Dongguan is vigorously cultivating and developing the artificial intelligence industry. It is hoped that the two sides will explore cooperation and deepen the research and development of artificial intelligence technology in digital economy, manufacturing, smart cities, etc., and help Dongguan seize the emerging industries such as artificial intelligence, big data and computing power, and promote the intelligent transformation and digital transformation of traditional advantageous industries. Li Yanhong expressed the hope that the two sides will further deepen mutually beneficial cooperation, accelerate the application of artificial intelligence technology in various fields, and promote the deep integration of artificial intelligence with service industry and manufacturing industry.

Xiao Yafei, secretary of Dongguan Municipal Party Committee, met with Li Yanhong, founder, chairman and CEO of Baidu.

According to WeChat official account news of WeChat released by Dongguan, Xiao Yafei, secretary of Dongguan Municipal Party Committee, met with Robin Li, founder, chairman and CEO of Baidu, and his party on November 15th. The two sides had in-depth exchanges on deepening strategic cooperation and promoting the high-quality development and high-level application of artificial intelligence. Xiao Yafei said that at present, Dongguan is vigorously cultivating and developing the artificial intelligence industry. It is hoped that the two sides will explore cooperation and deepen the research and development of artificial intelligence technology in digital economy, manufacturing, smart cities, etc., and help Dongguan seize the emerging industries such as artificial intelligence, big data and computing power, and promote the intelligent transformation and digital transformation of traditional advantageous industries. Li Yanhong expressed the hope that the two sides will further deepen mutually beneficial cooperation, accelerate the application of artificial intelligence technology in various fields, and promote the deep integration of artificial intelligence with service industry and manufacturing industry.

The national medical insurance negotiation in 2023 is expected to be held in Beijing tomorrow.

Blue Whale reporter learned from many sources today that the national medical insurance negotiation in 2023 is expected to be held at the International Exchange Center of Beijing National Federation of Trade Unions tomorrow (November 17). This time, there are not only many PD-1 varieties, such as Karelizumab from Hengrui, Cinda Bio’s Cindilizumab, Baekje Shenzhou’s Tirelizumab, but also the "high price" CAR-T for "Second Palace". (Blue Whale Finance)

The "trap" we are going to reveal to you today is still related to online shopping. I believe many people will buy this thing through the Internet now, and it is a book. According to incomplete statistics, at present, 60% of books are sold through online channels, but after some books are bought online, people always feel something is wrong. What went wrong?

　　Editor’s note:Qiangdi is one of the most common images in Tang poetry, and it is also an important cultural symbol of the communication and integration of all ethnic groups in history. Ma Rong wrote in Flute Fu: "In modern times, the double flute started from Qiang, but the Qiang people did not cut bamboo"; Wang Zhihuan’s "Liangzhou Ci": "Why should the Qiangdi blame the willow, the spring breeze does not pass Yumenguan". The ethnic memory and cultural tradition of Qiangdi are deeply engraved in the cultural history of the Chinese nation. It is a musical instrument for rejoicing and rejuvenating, and it is also a witness of ethnic blending.

　　▲ Qiang flute playing. Qiangdi is an ancient single-reed musical instrument in China. Legend has it that it was invented by Qiang people who wandered in the northwest plateau during the Qin and Han Dynasties, and it has a history of more than 2,000 years. Today, the Qiang flute, which is popular in the Qiang people’s residential area of Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in northern Sichuan, is mainly used for solo. There are more than ten ancient tunes with a wide range of music contents, which mainly convey the yearning of the Qiang people. On May 20th, 2006, the performance and production skills of Qiangdi were approved by the State Council and included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. (Source: Tencent)

　　How popular was Qiangdi in the Tang Dynasty? Ye Tingxuan’s "Sea Records Broken Things" records that Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was on the verge of collapse, and specially instructed the courtiers to give the purple Yu Di that they often played to Daizong. Lu Zhao’s "Yi Shi" said that people in Yuezhou (Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province) paid a lot of money to hire Li Mo, the first flute player, to play from Chang ‘an, the capital of the capital. After Li Mo arrived in Yuezhou, it caused a sensation, and local prominent people paid a lot of money to listen to him play the flute. Li Qi’s Ancient Meaning, Li Bai’s Listening to Han Shi’s Imperial Flute in Jinling, Du Fu’s Boating in the West of the City, Cen Can’s a Song of White Snow in Farewell to Field-Clerk Wu Going Home, etc., often write stories about the Tang people’s pleasure in the Qiang flute, so that Mr. Lin Geng praised the Tang poetry in the article "The vitality and new essence of poetry" that "as long as you meet the flute, it seems that you will never become a good sentence". It can be seen that Qiangdi is popular with the Tang people.

　　▲ Eastern Han pottery flute figurines. In Han Dynasty, the distinction between flute and Xiao was not obvious. Xiao was called "Shu", also known as "vertical Shu". It was not until the Tang Dynasty that the flute with six holes and bamboo film began to appear, and the flute was officially separated. Today, our common saying "playing flute horizontally and flute vertically" began in the Tang Dynasty. The Song Dynasty’s "Zhu Xi’s Quotations" also recorded: "The person who plays the flute today is the ancient flute, but the flute is the ancient flute." (Source: Chengdu Museum)

　　Qiangdi was popular in the Tang Dynasty, but it was not introduced into the hinterland of the Central Plains in the Tang Dynasty. When Qiangdi was introduced into the Central Plains is unknown in history. However, Ma Rong’s "Flute Fu" said that Qiu Zhong in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty knew the source of the flute, and quoted him as saying that "the modern double flute started from Qiang". In addition, Ying Shao’s Custom Tongyi and Xu Shen’s Shuowen Jiezi mentioned Qiangdi, Song Shu said that there was a record of Zheng Di in the Han Dynasty, and the Book of the Later Han Dynasty recorded that Emperor Ling of Han was fond of Hu Di, which was followed by nobles. It can be seen that Qiangdi should be introduced into the Central Plains in the Han Dynasty. It may have been introduced when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty opened up Longyou and the Western Regions. These two places are the main settlements of the Qiang people. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty opened Longyou and the Western Regions, a large number of exotic foreign bodies such as wine, bloody BMW, and the illusion of Manyan fish and dragons began to flood into the hinterland of the Central Plains. As a treasure of Qiang culture, Qiang flute was probably introduced to the Central Plains at this time.

　　▲ Picture brick of Maruko Banquet Dance in Han Dynasty, unearthed in Anren, Dayi in 1972, collected in Sichuan Museum.

　　After the Qiang flute was introduced into the Central Plains, it was transformed by musicians, and its shape changed from three holes to four holes, five holes, six holes, seven holes, and so on. The materials and lengths of the flute tubes were varied. People also call it the flute, the flute, the Yu Di, the twelve-rhythm flute, the transverse flute, etc. Only Chen Yang’s Le Shu records 17 different flute names. At the same time, the Qiang flute has become the tradition of China flute. Although there are many opinions about the origin of China’s flute in academic circles, up to now, the article "Qiangdi" in Duan Yucai’s Notes on Shuowen Jiezi says that "both flute and Qiangdi originated from Qiang, and Han Qiuzhong did it because Qiang people cut bamboo, so it is still reliable". Poets in the Han and Tang Dynasties often mix the flute with the Qiang flute, such as Li Bai’s "Smelling the Flute in Qingxi at Midnight" and Gao Shi’s "Listening to the Flute on the Plug", etc., with the title of writing the flute, but actually chanting the Qiang flute; Lu Yanji notes that "the flute starts in Qiang" in the Northern Expedition of General Yong Huo. Duan An Festival’s Yuefu Miscellany says: "The flute player is also a strong musician". In the Tang Dynasty, an anonymous writer, Di Fu, said that the flute "Jue Cao originated from the Qiang head". Therefore, we have reason to believe that Qiangdi is the source of China’s flute, and the flute mentioned by poets in Han and Tang Dynasties is Qiangdi.

　　▲ The "Music and Dance Map" stone relief unearthed from the Han stone relief tomb in Miaoshan, Xuzhou. On the left of the long-sleeved dancer in the picture, there is a man sitting on the ground, clapping his hands and singing. On the right of the dancer, there is a man playing the piano, and there are accompaniment players such as flute player, flute player and flute player behind him. (Source: Xuzhou Museum official website)

　　The change of shape has enhanced the expressive force of Qiangdi and rapidly promoted its musical status. As early as the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Qiangdi became a harmonious musical instrument for temples and banquets. The Book of Jin said: "On the banquet hall, there is a bell hanging without a box, and the flute has a certain tune, so all the string songs are correct from the flute." Qiangdi was widely used by Wei Jin people for "miscellaneous quotation, harmony of various songs", gradually entered the daily life of literati, became their entertainment program, and also became an important theme of their creation, resulting in many masterpieces such as Ma Rong’s Flute Fu, Li You’s Ming of Flute, Cao Pi’s Good Deeds and so on. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, poets wrote the Qiang flute into frontier poems, such as Dai Hao’s "Join the Army", "The Qiang flute hisses in the pipe" and Zhang Zhengjian’s "Longtoushui", and the Qiang flute has become a cultural symbol for poets to show their customs beyond the Great Wall.

　　In the Tang Dynasty, people’s love for Qiangdi was unprecedented. There are four main reasons:

　　First, the pithy and moving flute sound. In the Tang Dynasty, the Qiang flute was mainly composed of five holes and seven holes. The article "flute" in Tongdian Lesi says: "Today, the flute is used to snap. Those who add it are called righteous flutes. " Chen Yun’s "Le Shu" recorded the meaning of the flute as follows:

　　And in the picture, it is explained that "the righteous flute is like a horizontal flute, and it is added, and the west beam is also happy." Tang Dynasty’s "The Flute Sounds Like a Long Yin Fu" said that the flute "has four holes and five tones". It can be seen that there were indeed five-hole Qiang flutes in the Tang Dynasty. Shan Li’s annotation of Flute Fu said: "Flute has seven holes. One foot four inches long. Today’s flute is also. " It can be seen that the seven-hole Qiangdi also spread to the Tang Dynasty. The number of holes and the length of flutes of these two kinds of Qiangdi exceed the original three-hole Qiangdi, and their expressive force is more prominent, which can blow out a variety of pithy and moving flutes.

　　▲ The Mogao Grottoes played flute in Cave 329 in the early Tang Dynasty. In the picture, the geisha music flies in the sky and plays the flute, with a graceful posture and agility. (Source: Netease)

　　For example, the voice of Qingyue Yifa. Li Zhao’s Supplement to the History of the Tang Dynasty said: "Li Zhou did a good thing, tasted the smoke and bamboo in the village, cut it off as a flute, and it was as hard as stone to leave Li Mou. The flute is the best in the world, and the river is flooded on a moonlit night. The Weizhou blows it, and Liao Liang escapes and goes to Yun Biao. " Lu Zhao’s "Yi Shi" records that Yuezhou literati praised Li Mo’s flute as "it is better to be happy in the sky than in the sky". The words "Liao Liang’s Qing Yue", "Liao Liang’s Yi Fa" and "Jun Tian’s Joy" indicate that Qiangdi can emit the general Yi Yun of Yue Xian. The royal family in Li Tang worships Laozi as the ancestor, worships Taoism, and cultivates Taoist aesthetic psychology with nothingness, indifference and adaptability as its beauty. This kind of escape rhyme of Qiangdi is in line with the aesthetic standards formed by the Tang people based on Taoist philosophy, thus winning their favor.

　　For example, the sound of weeping and resentment. Hu Zhenheng’s "Tang Yin Gui Qian" said: "Xuanzong was lucky in Shu and went to Luogu, which was called Gao Lishi: &lsquo; I don’t need Zhang Jiuling’s words, so far. &rsquo; Play a tune on the flute and shed tears. Later, the company recorded it into music, and asked for the title of the song, saying: &lsquo; Because I think about nine years old, I can call this song "Death of Immortal Hatred". &rsquo; Its sound is bitter, and all the songs are Moby. " Li Bai’s "Watching Hu People Play the Flute": "Hu people play Yu Di, half of which is Qin sound. In October, Wu Shanxiao, plum blossoms fall into the pavilion. When I smell the saiqu, I am full of tears. But I look at Chang’ an Road and miss the main feelings. " Whether it is a high-ranking official, even the supreme Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, or Wang Changling, Li Bai, Du Fu and other literati, as well as ordinary people, they are inevitably frustrated in their lives. The wailing sound of Qiangdi often becomes a good medicine to heal their broken hearts, so they generally like Qiangdi.

　　For example, the sound of joy is sparse. Wang Wei’s "Liangzhou Competition God" wrote that the athletes outside Liangzhou played the rushing and joyful Qiang flute to enhance the atmosphere of the game; Li Bai’s "Leave a gift to Cui Xuancheng after the chaos" said that Cui Qin often sat on the Hu bed and played the purple Yu Di to entertain him, and the flute resounded through the sky, making him extremely happy and entertaining. Cen Can’s "a Song of White Snow in Farewell to Field-Clerk Wu Going Home" and "but we drink to our guest bound home from camp, and play him barbarian lutes, guitars, harps" convey the rapid and cheerful sound of the Qiang flute. It can be seen that the joyful and bright sound of Qiang flute is also an indispensable program for Tang people to feast and entertain.

　　▲ "Tang Palace Music Map". This picture is a silk ink painting created by an anonymous person in the Tang Dynasty, which is now in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. The picture depicts a group of women in the palace feasting and having fun around the console table, and the women are playing and drinking happily. (Image from the Internet)

　　Second, rich and touching flute music. Hu Zhenheng’s Tangyin Guiqian said that the repertoire of Qiangdi was "the same as that of those who played the flute, flute and flute." There are more than forty songs, such as hentai and Happy Tree. See the Prelude ". In addition to these ancient songs, the Tang people also created many touching flute songs, such as "Death of Immortal Complaints", "Alandui", "Litchi Songs" and "Six Weeks". The expressive Qiang flute plays these heart-warming flute tunes, and when the Tang people listen to them, they are often "full of salt and shock, and the doubt is suddenly in the field." When you are sad and clear, you will forget your worries; Imagine that things are like clouds, which makes them linger and put it down.

　　Third, powerful people love Qiangdi. The royal family of Li Tang is imbued with the blood of the northern minorities, and pursues the ethnic policy of Hu Han’s family. They have an open and inclusive attitude towards foreign bodies. Especially between Kaiyuan and Tianbao, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty knew the melody and loved the Qiang flute. He was not only good at playing the Qiang flute, but also knew the flute rhythm and created many touching flute music. Under their influence, nobles, nobles, citizens and ordinary people generally like Qiangdi. For example, Wei Chiluo’s "The Story of China and North Korea" said: "There are many birds in Mount Li, and it is called Alandui. The Ming emperor imperial Yu Di, adopted its voice and translated it into a song, which was sung by both sides. It is broadcast far and near, and people compete to play with the flute effect. " "Tai Ping Guang Ji" records that Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty especially liked Hu Xiao, a disciple of Liyuan who was good at playing the Qiang flute. Hu Xiao was arrested for committing a crime, and Tang Xuanzong specially ordered him to be released. As the saying goes, it is necessary to be good in the world. Driven by the powerful people represented by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Qiangdi attracted the attention of the Tang people, and its prosperity was unprecedented.

　　▲ "Han Xizai Night Banquet" part. The Picture of Han Xizai’s Banquet was painted by Gu Hongzhong in the Southern Tang Dynasty. The existing copy of the Song Dynasty and the silk version are colored, and are now in the Palace Museum in Beijing. The above picture shows the ensemble of wind music. In the picture, five musicians sit in a row horizontally, each with its own dynamics. Although they are in the same row, there is no sense of stagnation. (Image from the Internet)

　　Fourth, the promotion of teaching workshop institutions. Cui Lingqin’s "Jiaofang Ji" records that both Xijing Chang ‘an and Tokyo Luoyang set up special music institutions in the Tang Dynasty &mdash; &mdash; Jiaofang The teaching workshop is divided into two parts: left and right. According to the textual research of Ren Bantang’s Notes on Jiaofang, "In addition to the left and right Jiaofang in Xijing, there are also Jiaofang in Zhannei, which belongs to the Propaganda Department and is in Xuanping Square". Handsome civilians can be selected to teach songs and dances, musical instruments and so on. Qiangdi is one of the courses in Jiaofang. The teaching workshops in the Tang Dynasty were very large in scale. Although they were not all responsible for practicing Qiangdi, there should be a large number of them. People in the Tang Dynasty lived in Chang ‘an, and at night they often heard musicians practicing their flutes. For example, Wang Shu’s "Tang Yu Lin" said, "Wang Zhen is too often Qing. Early in the morning, I heard the people in Yongxing playing the flute and asked: &lsquo; Are you too happy? &rsquo; Yue: &lsquo; However &rsquo; " . It is self-evident that the establishment of Jiaofang has played an important role in the spread of Qiangdi. What’s more, the musicians in the workshop can take time to perform outside the workshop, such as Li Mo playing flute in Yuezhou and Guazhou, which is more conducive to the spread of Qiangdi. After the Anshi Rebellion broke out, the musicians in Jiaofang were either taken to the north or wandered around, and the Qiang flute spread all over the Central Plains with their footsteps.

　　▲ Tang Tri-colored Camels carrying musical figurines were unearthed in the Tang Tomb of Zhongbao Village in the western suburbs of Xi ‘an, Shaanxi Province in 1959, and are now in the Shaanxi History Museum. In the picture, seven male musical figures are holding sheng, pipa, flute, clapper, harp, flute and Xiao respectively, with a woman singing and dancing in the middle. The figurine is novel in shape and lifelike in image, and is known as the masterpiece of tri-colored figurines in Tang Dynasty. (Source: Xinhua News Agency)

　　To sum up, the change of shape has given Qiangdi a stronger expressive force, making it have a bright and pithy sound quality, and playing many refreshing, sad and glamorous flute music; In addition, the powerful and noble people loved the Qiangdi and the promotion of teaching workshops. Qiangdi successfully captured the favor of the Tang people and was deeply embedded in their daily life and spiritual world. Literati engaged in literary activities by appreciating, hearing and writing Qiangdi, which was very active in the Tang Dynasty. The reaction of literature has accelerated the spread of Qiangdi. In the end, Qiangdi became one of the best popular musical instruments in the Tang Dynasty and successfully integrated into the splendid cultural river of the Tang Dynasty.

　　About the author:

　　Long Zhenghua, Doctor of Literature, Xiamen University, is a young teacher in the School of Humanities, Tongren University. His main research field is China ancient literature.

　　Producer | Yang Xinhua

　　Coordinating | Kang Kunquan, Hu Jun, Liu Jia

　　Writing | Chen Hailong

　　Editor | Guo Hui

　　Production | Hu Qi