How to manage it specifically, let’s take a look.
Guiding opinions on field management technology in the middle and late stage of maize
At present, the growth of maize in Liaoning province has entered the filling stage one after another, which is in the critical period of yield formation. In some areas, there was more rainfall in the early stage, the soil moisture was higher, the growth process of corn was delayed, and the pests and diseases were aggravated. In view of the above situation, combined with the current and late weather conditions and production practice, the following technical guidance for field management is put forward.
First, strengthen water management to prevent droughts and floods
According to the law of maize growth and water demand, combined with weather conditions and soil moisture, corresponding irrigation and drainage measures should be taken in time. In case of flood disaster, it is necessary to mobilize the masses as soon as possible, increase the input of machines and manpower, dredge ditches in time, dispatch all kinds of drainage machinery, quickly remove the accumulated water in the field, so as to discharge it completely, speed up the reduction of soil moisture, shorten the soaking time of plants to the greatest extent, and restore their growth as soon as possible. Where conditions permit, a reservoir can be dug in the field according to the topographic conditions, and the accumulated water can be introduced into the reservoir for storage. When some easy-to-dry land blocks, such as sloping fields and sand hills, encounter staged high temperature and drought, it is necessary to start drought-resistant water sources and facilities in time in combination with weather conditions, soil moisture and field water conservancy facilities to meet the water demand of plants and reduce the impact of high temperature and drought.
Second, timely topdressing to promote growth
According to the growth and early fertilization of maize, especially in fields with late sowing, delayed plant growth and development, and waterlogging, timely and appropriate topdressing of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer can replenish nutrient supply in time and improve lodging resistance. When topdressing fertilizer, it is best to spray potassium dihydrogen phosphate or plant growth regulator on the leaves, which can be combined with pest control, and spray fertilizer, bactericide and insecticide together through drones to promote crop growth and development while controlling pests and diseases.
Third, prevent and control pests and diseases and reduce losses
Strengthen the monitoring and investigation of field pests and diseases, especially the fields affected by waterlogging and lagging growth and development, and issue early warning and forecast in time. In view of the migratory major pests such as Spodoptera exigua, armyworm and cotton bollworm, we should do a good job in monitoring the adults and investigating the insect situation in the field, and implement centralized and effective prevention and control in high-density areas at the first time to prevent local outbreaks. In view of the corn borer, corn leaf spot, stem rot, ear rot and other pests and diseases, it is necessary to prevent them early, seize the critical period of prevention and control, use pesticides scientifically, lower the base of bacterial and insect sources at ear stage, and reduce the damage and loss. Actively adopt biological or physical methods for prevention and control, or spray high-efficiency, low-toxicity, low-residue chemical pesticides with plant protection machinery such as unmanned aerial vehicles and high-gap pulling pesticide sprayer for point prevention and control or unified prevention and control. It is necessary to strengthen the application of measures such as ecological regulation, biological control, physical and chemical inducement and release of natural enemies, and improve the level of green and scientific prevention and control of major pests and diseases. On the basis of strengthening the green prevention and control of pests and diseases, we will focus on the emergency chemical prevention and joint prevention and control of high-density spots.
Fourth, strengthen field management to prevent lodging
Affected by frequent rainfall in the early stage, maize plants grow well in most areas, but the roots are not deep enough, so they are prone to lodging in severe weather. Therefore, rational topdressing or foliar spraying, appropriate application of potassium fertilizer and growth regulator should be adopted to promote root growth, improve plant quality and enhance lodging resistance of maize. For plots with accumulated water in the field, communication channels should be dug in time, and the accumulated water in the field should be drained by mechanical drainage or gravity drainage to prevent the ability of wind and lodging resistance from decreasing after the plants are soaked for a long time. After the wind disaster, try to maintain the status quo of the plots where the plants are tilted and not completely lodging, and rely on their own ability to resume growth; For plots where the plants are completely lodging and the stems are not broken, the ear of the fruit should be padded as early as possible according to the actual situation to prevent the ear from sprouting and mildew; For plots where plants are seriously lodging or stems are broken and cannot be recovered, timely harvest; For the blocks that have been extinct, the straw should be harvested as silage in time according to the situation, or the crops with short growth period should be replanted in time to reduce losses.
Fifth, pay attention to prevent early frost and promote early maturity.
Measures to prevent early frost and promote early maturity should be implemented in fields with delayed corn development and areas susceptible to early frost. Foliar fertilizers such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate and brassinolide can be sprayed to quickly replenish nutrients and enhance the stress and cold resistance of plants. Do a good job of peeling and drying corn stalks in time, accelerate corn grain filling and dehydration of mature grains, reduce corn water content and promote early maturity of corn. At the same time, measures to promote early maturity, such as cutting empty plants and bottoming leaves, are taken to improve ventilation and light transmission conditions in the field, reduce nutrient consumption, promote nutrient transfer to grains, and accelerate maturity. Once the early frost occurs, we should guide the masses not to harvest it in a hurry, make full use of the after-ripening function of corn to harvest it at a timely and late time, appropriately extend the after-ripening growth time, give full play to the function of storing nutrients in roots and transferring them to grains, and improve the yield and quality.
Guiding opinions on field management technology in the middle and late stage of rice
At present, the growth of rice in Liaoning Province has entered the heading and filling stage, and the overall growth situation is good. However, due to the influence of many factors, such as rain and lack of sunlight, some plots failed to control water to dry the fields, the root system development was not as good as in previous years, the rice growth process was slightly delayed, and rice leaf blast and sheath blight occurred in some areas. In view of the above situation, combined with the heavy rainfall in flood season and the fact that the temperature dropped and the temperature difference was large after beginning of autumn, the following technical guidance on field management was put forward.
First, strengthen management to prevent lodging
Due to the abundant rain in the early stage, the stems and leaves on the ground of rice grow well, but the roots have not experienced drying in the sun and airing in the field, and their development is not as good as in previous years, so they are prone to lodging in the late growth stage or in severe weather. Therefore, it is necessary to rationally apply growth regulators to promote root growth, improve plant quality and enhance rice lodging resistance; To maintain the shallow water layer of rice field, intermittent irrigation should be given priority to during the filling and fruiting period, that is, shallow water should be irrigated once, and then shallow water should be irrigated once after it is naturally drained until there is water in the footwell. In addition, water should not be cut off within 30 days after heading of rice to avoid premature plant senescence and incomplete grains. For the plots with too much water accumulated in the fields due to flood disasters, it is necessary to dig communication channels in time, and drain the water accumulated in the fields by mechanical drainage or gravity drainage to prevent the plants from being soaked for a long time, which will lead to premature senescence of roots and decline of lodging resistance.
Second, scientifically apply granular fertilizer
Due to low temperature and poor illumination, the seedlings are delayed, tillers are delayed and rows are closed late. Although the number of effective tillers and grains per panicle are close to normal, there is a form of excessive growth. Increasing grain weight and grain maturity is the focus of the next work. According to the change of rice leaf color, the amount of fertilizer applied in the early stage and other factors, nitrogen fertilizer should be applied at the right time and properly, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be sprayed on the leaves. The first 10 days after full heading is the best application period of granular fertilizer. Before fertilization, ensure the water layer and spread it evenly. The grain fertilizer may not be applied to the overgrown plots, and more fertilizer may be applied to the plots with lighter leaves.
Third, reasonable regulation and promotion of early maturity
Due to the slow development of rice and the cold weather, it is necessary to adhere to the technical route of "keeping ground temperature, promoting early maturity and delaying harvest" to improve the microclimate in the field and enhance the ability of rice to resist low temperature. It is necessary to promote early maturity, timely spray foliar fertilizers such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate, water-soluble fertilizers or plant growth regulators to supplement plant nutrients, enhance cold resistance, improve plant quality, and create good conditions for grain filling. To irrigate fields with well water, it is necessary to reduce irrigation frequency and increase ground temperature. After the yellow is ripe, it is necessary to cut off the water in time and harvest it in time. Late-maturing plots that are greedy for green crops should be harvested appropriately. In case of low temperature chilling injury, don’t rush to harvest, but postpone harvesting appropriately, prolong the growth time of after-ripening, promote the transfer of nutrients stored in roots to grains, and reduce the impact of chilling injury.
Fourth, timely prevention of diseases, pests and weeds
Rice should focus on preventing armyworm, planthopper and rice blast. It is necessary to strengthen the application of measures such as ecological regulation, biological control, physical and chemical inducement and release of natural enemies, and improve the level of green and scientific prevention and control of major pests and diseases. On the basis of strengthening the green prevention and control of pests and diseases, we will focus on the emergency chemical prevention and joint prevention and control of high-density spots. To prevent and control the armyworm, it is necessary to carry out ecological regulation, take advantage of the biological habit that adults need to feed to replenish energy before mating and spawning, and use bait with the odor that adults like to mix with a small amount of pesticides for biological trapping and killing. At the same time, grasp the early stage of egg incubation and the young larval stage to carry out scientific drug control. To control Laodelphax striatellus mainly, it is necessary to stress pressing before controlling and focusing on protecting the rice filling stage. The prevention and control of rice blast is mainly based on prevention, and the prevention of rice blast should be emphasized at the break, heading and full heading stages to prevent the occurrence of ear neck blast. At the same time, attention should be paid to the continuous rainy weather in the late growth period, and the branch blast and grain blast should be prevented in the late-maturing plots.
V. Resume production in time after the disaster
For the flooded fields or flooded fields caused by the previous flood disaster, we should adhere to the measures of "draining, dispersing, managing and promoting" simultaneously, grab and drain the accumulated water in time, restore the air permeability of the soil, raise roots and protect leaves, and promote the growth of waterlogged rice. It is necessary to dredge the ditches in time to eliminate the accumulated water in the field. It can be drained at one time in rainy days, and the field should be properly dried after drainage, so as to enhance soil permeability and root activity and restore plant growth. Top dressing should be applied in time for the fields that have been fertilized by water, and quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer can be applied to promote the recovery of roots and plants, so as to prevent premature aging and death caused by stagnant water.
Guiding opinions on field management technology of soybean in the middle and late stage
At present, the soybean in Liaoning province is in the period of flowering and pod filling, which is the key period of yield formation. According to the pest control and scientific disaster prevention and mitigation in the middle and late stage of soybean production, the following technical guidance for field management is put forward.
First, topdressing promotes weakness
In general soybean growing fields, if the plants are found to be fertilized or the growth period is delayed, foliar fertilizer can be sprayed to prolong the functional period of leaves, enhance the disease resistance, increase the grain weight and minimize the yield loss. If there are symptoms of trace element deficiency, trace elements such as magnesium, manganese, molybdenum and boron can be supplemented by spraying trace fertilizers on the leaves. Spraying 0.25 kg urea+0.2 kg potassium dihydrogen phosphate per mu at the initial flowering stage of soybean for the first time; The second time was in the pod setting stage and the third time was in the pod filling stage, combined with pest control, and 0.2 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate+0.16 kg of rice vinegar+boron fertilizer was sprayed to increase pods and promote maturity.
Second, pest control
According to the occurrence law of pests and diseases, the prevention plan is formulated in time, and the principle of prevention first and prevention second is followed. Spring soybean focuses on the prevention and control of pests such as soybean moth, firefly beetle, aphid and red spider, as well as diseases such as root rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and downy mildew. In summer soybean, stinkbug, aphid, Bemisia tabaci, Spodoptera litura and other pests should be mainly controlled. In particular, it is necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of sucking pests such as stinkbug, and prevent the occurrence of "green disease". It is suggested that a large-scale unified prevention and control measure should be taken at the flowering and pod stage, and the pesticide should be sprayed once every 7-10 days for 2-3 times continuously. At the same time, pay attention to the prevention and control of root rot, stem blight and other diseases. In the process of major pest control, it can be operated at the same time as spraying foliar fertilizer, so as to achieve the effects of "one spraying for multiple prevention", "one spraying for multiple promotion" and "one spraying for multiple effects", and to achieve the effects of disease prevention, insect prevention, disaster reduction, quality improvement and yield increase.
Third, flood control and drought relief
Since the flood season, there has been a lot of precipitation in Liaoning Province. In view of the waterlogging disaster caused by continuous rainy weather, according to the waterlogging situation and topography, ditches should be dredged quickly, and drainage machinery and drainage ditches should be adopted to discharge the accumulated water in the field and stagnant water in the plough layer as soon as possible, so as to reduce the time of accumulated water in the field, reduce the soil water content and promote or maintain the root activity. After the accumulated water is discharged, after the topsoil of the soil is dried, intertillage should be carried out in time to loosen the soil moisture, so as to avoid soil hardening, enhance the permeability of the soil, help the soybean root system to return to the normal physiological state, improve the lodging resistance of the soybean, and play a role in preventing weeds. In view of the malnutrition caused by waterlogging, the roots and leaves can be fertilized to supplement nutrients, with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer as the main fertilizer at the roots (3-5 kg/mu) and nitrate nitrogen fertilizer as appropriate (2-3 kg/mu); 125 grams of urea, 15 grams of boron and molybdenum microelement fertilizer, 100 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 30 kilograms of water are used for leaf spraying. Appropriate amount of amino acids and other nutrients can also be added to enhance their resilience. In addition, some easy-to-dry land blocks, such as sloping land and sand hillock land, should be irrigated in time when they encounter staged high temperature and drought during the soybean grain bulging period, with an irrigation amount of about 20 cubic meters per mu each time to minimize the shedding of flowers and pods.
Fourth, timely harvest
The best period of combined harvest is the early stage of soybean maturity, when all the leaves of soybean fall off, the plants show the original variety color, and the grain water content drops below 18%. In order to improve the harvest quality, soybean combine harvester can be equipped with disturbing cutting table, reduce the speed of reel as much as possible, adjust the gap between threshing drum and concave screen, and adjust the speed of fan in cleaning system.
Guiding opinions on field management technology of peanut in the middle and late stage
At present, peanut in Liaoning province is in pod setting stage, which is the key period of yield formation, and the demand for nutrition is very large. We should pay close attention to the abnormal weather changes in the middle and late period, make good plans for disaster prevention and mitigation, actively deal with various hazards such as waterlogging and drought, and effectively reduce the impact of disasters on peanut production. Combined with meteorological conditions and peanut growth, the following technical guidance on field management was put forward.
First, timely drainage and moisture dissipation
According to the rainfall and soil moisture, seize the drainage window period and organize drainage quickly. After heavy rain, according to the situation and topography of water accumulation in peanut fields, mechanical drainage or manual drainage ditches should be taken in time to reduce the water accumulation in the fields as soon as possible, drain the waterlogging in the plough layer and reduce the time of water accumulation in the fields. For the field with sticky soil and poor drainage, it should be combined with intertillage and hoeing as soon as possible to promote soil ventilation and air moisture, and reduce the harm of waterlogging to peanuts. Peanut covered with plastic film should break the film to disperse moisture, reduce soil water content, keep soil well ventilated and reduce the occurrence of rotten fruit.
Second, timely supplement fertilizer
The middle and late period of peanut is the key period of more nutritional requirements and pod enrichment. Due to the high rainfall in the early stage, soil fertility is lost, root absorption capacity is weakened, and plants are prone to fertilization and premature aging. Therefore, combined with the growth potential of flowers, fertilizers should be supplemented in time to ensure nutrient supply, restore plant growth, prevent fertilization and premature aging in the later stage, reduce waterlogging losses and ensure stable peanut production. Peanuts planted in the open field can be combined with intertillage for topdressing, and a certain amount of calcium fertilizer can be applied to promote pod expansion.
Third, strengthen the prevention and control of pests and diseases
Adhere to the principle of "prevention first, green prevention and control". Physical control and chemical control are combined, and black light, yellow and blue board, sex attractant and high-efficiency and low-toxicity drugs are combined. Due to the heavy rainfall in the early stage, high soil water content in the field and high temperature in August, high temperature and high humidity environment are easy to cause peanut diseases and insect pests, especially leaf brown spot, net spot and white silk disease, as well as grubs, aphids, cotton bollworm and thrips, so the field disease monitoring should be strengthened. For leaf diseases, fungicides such as bifonazole, epoxiconazole, difenoconazole, nitrile benzoxazole, diniconazole, triadimefon, tebuconazole, etc. +0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution +1% urea solution can be sprayed on the leaves, generally once every 7-10 days, and sprayed for 2-3 times. For grubs, 30% phoxim microcapsule suspension can be used to irrigate roots with 1000 times liquid, and the dosage is 300 ml per mu; For aphids, 3% phoxim granules can be used, and 6 kg per mu can be applied to the ridge with fertilizer, or imidacloprid+additives can be used for control; Spraying 2.5% cypermethrin EC 2000 times or 1.8 avermectin 2000 times on the leaves of Helicoverpa armigera before the 3rd instar; For thrips, emamectin benzoate+acetamiprid (imidacloprid), emamectin benzoate+spinosad+adjuvant, emamectin benzoate+nitenpyram, or bifenthrin+abamectin can be sprayed on the leaves.
Four, timely removal of weeds
Due to the heavy rainfall in the early stage, weeds in the field grow rapidly and should be removed in time. During the 2-4 leaf stage of weeds, 150 ml of 48% bentazone EC +108 g/L of high-efficiency flufenpyrad-ethyl 20 ml or 30 ml of 11.8% mequine-rufop-ethyl EC were selected per mu, and the stems and leaves were sprayed evenly, which could effectively control gramineous weeds and broad-leaved weeds for one year. However, the chemical weeding effect of big grass and old grass with seeds in the field is not good, so it should be manually pulled out and cleaned out of the field.
V. Chemical control
Pod-setting period is the most vigorous period of peanut growth. Due to insufficient light on rainy days, peanuts are easy to grow in vain, resulting in imbalance between vegetative growth and reproductive growth. For plots where plants tend to grow in vain and the plant height exceeds 35 cm, chemical control should be carried out for 2-3 times in combination with pest control. After applying peanut Chaoshengbao, uniconazole, or Zhuangbaoan with reasonable water, foliar spraying should be carried out evenly to avoid re-spraying, missed spraying and rain after spraying.
Sixth, timely harvest
Generally, at harvest time, the plants show senescence, the middle and lower leaves turn from green to yellow and gradually fall off, and the stems turn to yellow-green. 5-10 peanut plants can be randomly selected. When more than 70% of pod shells are hardened, the texture is clear, the color changes from white to light yellow, the sponge tissue in the shell shrinks and becomes thin, and the inner wall of the shell is dark brown, it is a suitable harvest period. The key to reduce the loss and improve the cleanliness of peanut mechanized harvesting lies in: first, check and debug the harvester to make the machine work with high quality and efficiency in the best condition; Second, accurately grasp the suitable harvest period and operating conditions, and harvest at the best time; Third, choose suitable mechanized harvesting methods and machines; Fourth, timely drying to reduce mildew; The fifth is to strengthen the training and supervision of machine collection.
