Xinhua News Agency, Chengdu, August 25th: Race for Life and Death, Watch and Help, Never Give Up — — Direct hit Wenchuan heavy rainfall flood debris flow disaster relief

　　Xinhua News Agency reporter Zhang Chaoqun and yangjin

　　In the early morning of August 20th, due to the continuous heavy rainfall, catastrophic mountain torrents and mudslides occurred in Wenchuan County, Lixian County, Maoxian County, Songpan County and Wolong National Nature Reserve in Sichuan Province, in which 100% of towns and villages in Wenchuan County and more than 90% of the people were affected. Synchronized with the disaster, it is a life-and-death race of rescue and the mutual help of compatriots.

　　There is a kind of disaster relief called life and death race.

　　On the 20th, Feng Xiulan, an exhibitor from Nanchong City, Sichuan Province to Shuimo Ancient Town, Wenchuan County, who participated in the Food Shopping Festival, lived in a booth by the Shouxi River.

　　At 2 o’clock in the morning, Feng Xiulan found that the booth was flooded, and in a blink of an eye, the water soared from the ankle to the waist. No sooner had she lifted her 8-year-old child from the cot than the board and bedding were washed away. In desperation, Feng Xiulan and her family grabbed the doors and windows of the opposite shop and climbed to the roof, only to escape.

　　When the flood receded, a thick layer of sediment was deposited on both sides of the river in Shuimo Town, with the thickest part exceeding half a meter. A large number of plant branches washed down from the upstream were wrapped in the sediment, with a diameter of 50 cm. A large number of private cars were destroyed by floods, piled together, some stood upside down on the trunk next to them, and some were washed into residential houses.

　　In sanjiang town, Wenchuan County, upstream of the water mill, the river that originally flowed through the edge of the town was diverted because of the excessive water potential, passing through the city, flooding most of the town, and many buildings seemed to be built in the middle of the river.

　　As of 25th, more than 102,000 people in Aba Prefecture were affected by the disaster, 12 people were killed and 26 people lost contact.

　　On the night of the disaster, a full-time fire brigade of Shuimo Town and a group of seven people received the alarm and went to sanjiang town to rescue the trapped tourists. The fire truck was suddenly flooded just a few kilometers away. The 33-year-old monitor died in poverty, and Xin Yang, the captain, was thrown ashore after being swept by the flood for more than 3 kilometers. The six surviving firefighters endured the pain and searched and rescued the trapped people overnight. It was not until noon on the 23rd that Yang Xincai recovered from the grief of intense rescue and the sacrifice of his comrades-in-arms and ate some rice.

　　"The disaster is the order. We are the local rescue force. We are the most familiar with the situation and must stick to it." Xin Yang’s arms and legs were covered with scars. Because he had to drive a rescue vehicle, the wound on his knee had just scabbed and been torn open.

　　After the disaster, Sichuan Province and Aba Prefecture responded immediately, set up front-line headquarters, quickly formed an emergency relief system, organized rescue forces of more than 3,000 people including public security, fire fighting and armed police to put into disaster relief, and distributed 25 kinds of relief materials such as quilts (6,950 beds), rice (41.25 tons) and cooking oil (2.75 tons).

　　There is a kind of power called mutual help.

　　Disaster is merciless, and people are affectionate. Almost in sync with the floods, people in party member in Wenchuan and other places tried their best to help each other.

　　Yuzixi Village, Yingxiu Town, Wenchuan County, was lightly affected due to its high terrain. On the day of the disaster, the village of more than 800 people organized nearly 200 people to go down the mountain and transfer the affected people nearby to the village. On the evening of 20th, more than 300 people were resettled in Yuzixi Village, and 14 people lived in the villagers’ homes at most.

　　"It was still raining, it was very cold, and there were many old people and children. If you don’t arrange well, you will definitely get sick." Ma Guihua, a villager, said, "I took out all the extra quilts in my house. When there was not enough room on the bed and sofa, I set up a wooden board to spread the quilts." Early the next morning, Murakami spontaneously set up a water mat to let the villagers who avoided the disaster eat hot meals.

　　After learning about the disaster, Yao Xiong, a 27-year-old boy from Xuankou Town, Wenchuan County, hired a driver, and the two of them drove forklifts and excavators for dry projects to rescue them. "Life is more important. I am a young man. If I need to go, I will go at once." After the Wenchuan earthquake, Yao Xiong knew the importance of racing against time.

　　"The villagers’ houses were destroyed and the fields were buried. It was sad to watch, and we also came up with a contribution." On the 21st, Yan Daijun of Wenchuan SF Express spontaneously organized a 14-person volunteer courier team to buy food, water and other living materials out of his own pocket, and rushed to the temporary resettlement site in Mianmian Town, Wenchuan County on foot to give warmth to the affected people, and to assist local militia and villagers to clean up the mud in roads and houses.

　　"Wenchuan is our common home. If it is difficult for everyone to carry it together, everything will be fine." Yan Daijun said.

　　There is a kind of warmth called never giving up.

　　August is the tourist season in Aba Prefecture. The sudden disaster caused more than 95,500 tourists to stay, and more than 47,200 people were stranded in Wenchuan alone, most of whom were elderly people and children who went to the mountains for summer vacation.

　　The state and county governments in Sichuan Province urgently dispatched helicopters and buses and organized private cars to evacuate tourists.

　　When transferring tourists is the busiest, Shuimo Tourist Passenger Station will transfer nearly 3,000 people a day. Zhou Jin, the head of the passenger station, once served as the director of Jiuzhaigou Transportation Management Office, and his rich transportation experience made him calmly cope with this tourist transfer. "In the face of disasters, all parties are very powerful. With a greeting, more than 40 buses of transportation companies will soon be in place." Zhou Jin said. At the passenger station, tourists get off the bus, wait for the bus, and then get on the bus in an orderly manner.

　　Gou Daming, 73, had lived in sanjiang town for a month before he withdrew. When he met the reporter, he was waiting for the bus to return to Chengdu at the passenger station. "We really panicked when we found that there was no electricity or water, but the government was very concerned about us, and the staff were very hard. Some people didn’t sleep for two days and nights."

　　At 12: 49 on the 24th, with the last pickup truck transporting trapped villagers entering the government of Gengda Town, Wolong, 96 tourists and villagers trapped in Yaozigou of Longtan Power Station reservoir area in Gengda Town were evacuated safely after more than 100 hours of joint rescue in the open space day and night.

　　"I knew you didn’t give up on us." Seeing the rescuers, some trapped tourists shed tears. By noon on the 24th, all the stranded tourists in the Wenchuan flood and debris flow disaster had been transferred to safety.

Helicobacterpylori (H.pylori) is a kind of bacteria.unique, canPersistent colonization in human gastric mucosaAnd bacteria that can cause stomach infections.

Helicobacter pylori isgram-negativeSpiral, micro-aerobic bacteria inhabit human gastric mucosa. More than half of the people in the world are infected with Helicobacter pylori, but many of them have no clinical symptoms. Helicobacter pylori and its prevalence rate are as high as 80% in some people.

It is speculated that Helicobacter pylori may be a part of human indigenous microbiota, and it has a very complicated relationship with human hosts.

This paper mainly discusses how Helicobacter pylori co-evolved with human beings, and the possible mechanism can explain the positive and negative correlation between Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of several diseases in population-based research, as well as the respective results of how inflammation and/or microbial changes are related.

one

Symptoms and complications of Helicobacter pylori

Most people infected with Helicobacter pylori have no obvious symptoms, but when symptoms appear, they are generally the following:

Nausea, stomach pain or heartburn, abdominal pain aggravated on an empty stomach.

What kind of situation is likely to be infected with this bacterium?

Helicobacter pylori may spread through contact with saliva, vomit or feces of infected people, and it can also be infected by eating contaminated food or water.

Most people infected with Helicobacter pylori are inChildhood infectionYes.

Some factors may increase the risk of infection with Helicobacter pylori:　　

For example, living in a crowded space, without clean water, and living with people with Helicobacter pylori.

When do you need to see a doctor?

When you feel unusual stomachache or discomfort, especially persistent or recurrent stomachache;

Dysphagia;

Bloody, black or tarry feces;

Vomiting is bloody or looks like coffee grounds;

…

In the above situation, it is best to see a doctor.

(If you take antibiotics at will, the effect is not good and it is likely to bring antibiotic resistance.)

How to diagnose helicobacter pylori?

At present, the most common and affordable method isBreath detectionIt takes only a few minutes from the analysis to the result, which is simple and accurate.

gastroscopyGastroscopy also includes detection of Helicobacter pylori, because active tissues in the stomach can be taken for pathological examination.

Antibody examinationThrough blood test, to determine whether you have been infected with Helicobacter pylori and are currently infected.

Does helicobacter pylori cause complications?

Include ulcers, gastritis and stomach cancer.

ulcer About 10% patients with Helicobacter pylori will develop gastric ulcer (pain). This happens when Helicobacter pylori destroys the mucosa that protects the inner walls of the stomach and small intestine, and gastric acid can penetrate into the lining and cause damage.

Helicobacter pylori can cause more than 90% intestinal ulcers and 80% gastric ulcers.

Ulcer itself can also lead to serious complications:

? Internal bleeding Gastric acid or ulcer seeping into blood vessels may lead to bleeding.

? block An ulcer will prevent food from leaving your stomach.

? perforate The ulcer may penetrate deep into the stomach or intestinal wall.

? peritonitis Peritoneal inflammation (peritoneum) may occur when an ulcer causes infection or inflammation.

gastritis Gastritis is inflammation of gastric mucosa. Helicobacter pylori is at increased risk of suffering from this disease.

If gastritis is not treated, it may lead to serious blood loss and may increase the risk of illness.gastric cancerThe risk. Gastric cancer is the second most common cause of death in the world.

In addition, Helicobacter pylori infection is also related to other diseases, such as ischemic heart disease, type 2, anemia, adverse metabolic characteristics of obese subjects and insulin resistance.

2

Helicobacter pylori and microflora

Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection will produce drastic changes in the gastric microenvironment, which will further affectGastric microfloraComposition, and may be related toChanges of intestinal microfloraRelated. May triggerIntestinal symbiotic homeostasisMajor changes, resulting in a new gastrointestinal balance.

At the same time, the therapeutic strategies used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori can regulate this physiological symbiosis, but it may also be the opposite, influenced by its characteristics.. Infection, diet, antibiotics and/or lifestyleWill interfere with this symbiotic relationship.

Interference of Helicobacter pylori infection on gastric microflora

Next-generation sequencing was used to study the human gastric microflora in gastric juice and biopsy samples. The results showed that there were many bacterial groups in the stomach, which mainly consisted of five phyla, includingActinomycetes, Bacteroides, Firmicutes, Clostridium and Proteus.. Helicobacter pylori infection has greatly changed the characteristics of gastric microflora.

A preliminary study reported that Helicobacter pylori colonization changed the gastric microflora,Reduce that diversity of microorganismsEradication of Helicobacter pylori can restore microbial diversity.

Helicobacter pylori can regulate gastric microenvironment by several mechanisms. By interfering with the expression of proton pump, Helicobacter pylori can regulate the acidity of gastric cavity, thus making the microenvironment compatible with microorganisms that usually cannot grow in the stomach.

Study on evaluating the effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on gastric microflora

Tao et al.,　Helicobacter, 2020

In addition, the altered immune response due to the presence of Helicobacter pylori may affect other microbial groups. Helicobacter pylori may also change the growth of other microbial groups by mobilizing antibacterial peptides or by nutritional competition. In general, researchers have shown that,The colonization of Helicobacter pylori is related to the significant decrease of α diversity.. There is an inverse relationship between microbial diversity and Helicobacter pylori abundance.

Effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on intestinal microflora

Compared with the negative control group of Helicobacter pylori, individuals with a large number of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach have different intestinal flora, which indicates that there is interaction between gastrointestinal segments.

Most studies show that there is a positive correlation between Helicobacter pylori infection and intestinal microbial diversity. Because high microbial diversity is usually related to overall good health, it will be interesting to explore whether the increase of intestinal microbial diversity after Helicobacter pylori infection has some beneficial effects on the host.

Study on the influence of Helicobacter pylori infection on intestinal microflora

Tao et al.,　Helicobacter, 2020

There are significant differences in microbial community structure between Helicobacter pylori infection group and negative control group.

The composition analysis at the door level found that among the infected individualsThe abundance of Proteus increased significantly.This may be due to the transfer of Helicobacter pylori from stomach to intestinal cavity. It is worth noting that Bacteroides and Firmicutes (B:F) are similar.ratioexistIt is higher in helicobacter pylori positive group.The changed B:F ratio is related to the clinic, because it is found that Firmicutes and Bacteroides are related to the lipid metabolism and energy balance of the host.

Compared with the uninfected group,There was no significant difference in the abundance of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Ackermann mucilaginosus.. Other researchers have found that people infected with Helicobacter pyloriThe abundance of lactobacillus is higher..

A study found that among patients infected with Helicobacter pylori, the intestinal microflora of patients with atrophic gastritisStreptococcus is more abundant.

Another study found that individuals infected with Helicobacter pylori showedDecrease of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producers (such as butyrate)SCFA has a beneficial metabolic effect on the host.

In addition, given the widespread expression of SCFAs receptors in immune cells, these metabolites are considered to play an important role in regulating intestinal homeostasis. Therefore,Inhibition of SCFAs output during Helicobacter pylori infection may be harmful to human health..

Functional analysis shows that the disease-related pathway is more active among people with negative helicobacter pylori. In contrast, many metabolic pathways are over-represented in infected patients. Therefore, in the microbial community,Functional changes may be site specific.Yes, because the changes observed in the intestine are different from those observed in the stomach.Different trends.

Effect of eradication therapy on gastric microflora

Tao et al.,　Helicobacter, 2020

Sufficient evidence shows that the diversity of gastric microorganisms increased significantly after the successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori, but it did not improve after the failure of treatment. The researchers think it may take some time to recover, because they think the diversity increases gradually from week 0 to week 6 and week 26.

In addition, studies have shown that after the successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori,α diversity can be completely restored to the level of uninfected control group.. On the contrary, although the community structure can be partially restored after the eradication of Helicobacter pylori, there is controversy about whether there is still a significant difference between the eradication group and the negative control group.

Some researchers found that after two months of treatment, the composition of gastric microbial community recovered to the level of uninfected children. However, other studies confirmed that adult samples still showed different microbial structure after six months of successful treatment, but the negative control group was different.

Different age groups included in the analysis may explain the opposite conclusion, because another study of recruiting children also found that the flora structure of eradication group was close to that of Helicobacter pylori negative group after 4 weeks of treatment.

Evaluation of changes of gastric microflora after eradication therapy

Tao et al.,　Helicobacter, 2020

Component analysis revealed that the relative abundance of Helicobacter pylori decreased significantly after treatment, while other major bacteria, includingActinobacillus, Bacteroides, Firmicutes and Fusobacterium increased..

At the generic level, after treatment,Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium(two recognized probiotics)The number has increased significantly..

The functional analysis of the two studies showed that after successful treatment,Protein and Up-regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism Pathway. Therefore, during the period of Helicobacter pylori infection, the nutritional and metabolic function of gastric microflora is damaged, and eradication treatment can partially recover. However, the predicted functional changes need further verification.

Changes of intestinal microflora after eradication treatment

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been proved to have a significant effect on intestinal microflora by reducing acidity. Therefore, the effect of anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy on intestinal microflora is the joint result of PPIs, antibiotics and bismuth. The general trend is that,α diversity decreased immediately after eradication and then recovered..

Tao et al.,　Helicobacter, 2020

Specifically, how long the recovery will take remains to be clarified. Most studies have collected information within 2 months of follow-up.Decreased α diversityHowever, there is no significant difference between the report and the baseline.

However, a research report, from week 0 to week 6 and week 26,Sobs indexandChao indexAre falling, not statistically significant. Notably, another study found that,Different treatment optionsThe effects on intestinal microflora may be different.

In clinical trials, there are three different treatment schemes, including triple therapy, combined therapy and bismuth quadruple therapy. The results show that,The α diversity of all groups decreased at the second week., but only acceptThe patients with triple therapy only have basic α diversity at the eighth week.However, the α diversity of the other two groups after treatment.Can’t recover in a year..

It is hoped that future research will verify whether eradication therapy will lead to the continuous disorder of intestinal flora and how different treatment schemes affect reversibility.

Study on the influence of eradication therapy on intestinal microflora

Tao et al.,　Helicobacter, 2020

　Probiotic supplementation can alleviate the diversity and structural disorder caused by antibiotics.　

Probiotics have been proved to stabilize the microbial population and improve gastrointestinal symptoms. At the door level,Treatment for 6 monthsAfter observingThe thick-walled flora increased and Bacteroides decreased., indicating that it is observed in individuals infected with Helicobacter pyloriHigh B:F ratio reversal. Nine similar results were reported in another study.

Clinical evidence supports that obesity is related to the decrease of B:F ratio. Therefore, the decrease of B:F ratio detected in these studies may beWeight gain after eradication treatmentProvides a possible explanation. However, some researchers explain that,After 18 months of eradication, the reduced B:F ratio can be reversed.. Interestingly, probiotic supplementation has been shown to be associated with a higher B:F ratio after eradication therapy. It is worth noting that the results of the report are inconsistent.

A study showed that the B:F ratio increased immediately after treatment and remained above the baseline level at the 13th week. The classification map of metagenome research shows that,The relative abundance of Bifidobacterium decreased after treatment.. However, another study showed that Bifidobacterium increased after 6 months of successful eradication.

Enriched in the intestinal microflora of Helicobacter pylori positive atrophic gastritisStreptococcus decreased significantly after eradication treatment..

Although the long-term changes of intestinal microflora are different in different studies, it seems to be consistent to eradicate the short-term disorder that causes intestinal homeostasis.

Effect of eradication therapy on antibiotic resistance of intestinal flora

With the wide application of eradication therapy, the emergence of antibiotic resistance has become an important problem in clinical practice.

After the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection, the increase of antibiotic resistance and the post-eradication treatmentLong-term security is an important issue..

Individualized treatment guided by drug sensitivity test can provide reliable and excellent eradication rate in first-line treatment, but it is expensive and not widely available. According to the antibiotic resistance in local areas,Empirical therapy for specific populationIt may be an alternative strategy.

three

Host and environmental determinants of helicobacter pylori-related diseases

Has been shown to change the risk of helicobacter pylori-related diseasesHost factorIncluding the hostageThe duration between the acquisition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter pylori infection, but more importantly, the host.Immune mediator(polymorphism) andAcid secretion state.　

In addition to host factors,Smoking and dietEnvironmental factors will also affect the niche of Helicobacter pylori colonization, so it may affect the disease risk.

Karin et al.,　FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2006　

　Age　

existAt a young ageInfection with Helicobacter pylori increases the risk of gastric ulcer and gastric cancer. The development of gastric ulcer and gastric cancer requires long-term infection of Helicobacter pylori, so it is speculated that these diseases are more common in patients with chronic infection of Helicobacter pylori.

In addition, this association is considered to be caused byDifference of host immune response in different age groupsDecided by.

inflammatory mediator

After being infected with Helicobacter pylori, the host gastric epithelial cells release cytokine IL-8. This cytokine is involved in the recruitment of macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, B cells and T cells to the inflammatory site. These cells further enhance the immune response by secreting other inflammatory mediators, such as interferon-G, tumor necrosis factor-A and interleukin-1B.

Schematic diagram of pathogenesis related to Helicobacter pylori

Karin et al.,　FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2006　

A) In human stomach, Helicobacter pylori mainly colonizes the antrum lacking gastric acid secretion wall cells;

B) In gastric pits, Helicobacter pylori proliferates especially near the tight junction of epithelial cells;

C) Helicobacter pylori plays an important role in colonization, persistence and disease development.

The immune response to Helicobacter pylori is further manifested in activated human neutrophils.Oxidation explosion. This outbreak will lead to the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is a low molecular weight metabolite that can destroy important biological components including nucleic acids. ROS mayDamage genes that control cell growth; And stimulate the development of cancer. Therefore, the existence of immune mediators will lead to gastric epithelialImpaired integrity. This kind of injury is the cause of most pathology related to Helicobacter pylori infection, rather than direct Helicobacter pylori activity.

Immune cells existing during Helicobacter pylori infection are mainlyProinflammatory cellInstead of anti-inflammatory cells. Pro-inflammatory mediators are secreted by helper T cells 1(Th1). Primitive T cells are driven by many factors to differentiate into Th1 cells, such as TNF-a and IL-12.

Stimulated by Helicobacter pylori, monocytes produce a large amount of cytokine IL-12. Therefore,By stimulating the release of IL-12, Helicobacter pylori enhances the pro-inflammatory response.. This leads to more damage to the gastric epithelium, which is easy to develop gastric atrophy.

Some host genes encoding immunoregulatory factors contain polymorphic regions. These genesPolymorphism will change their transcription, thus affecting the inflammatory process. Therefore, the risk of Helicobacter pylori-related diseases may change. So far,Polymorphism of IL-1b, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-10 and TNF-a genesHas been proven to be related to the remote endGastric cancer is significantly related..

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) helps to eliminate pathogens by presenting peptide fragments derived from pathogens to appropriate T cells. HLA gene is highly polymorphic, and someHLA alleles are related to the occurrence of gastric adenocarcinoma..Helicobacter pylori infection is also related to the occurrence of gastric adenocarcinomaBut its existence has nothing to do with the existence of these HLA alleles. Therefore, the importance of HLA alleles in Helicobacter pylori-mediated adenocarcinoma is still controversial.

Therefore, genetically predeterminedDominant pro-inflammatory Th1 response is associated with Helicobacter pylori disease..

On the other hand, the intensity of Th1 response may be limited by the production of anti-inflammatory Th2 cytokine IL-10, thusProlonging infection time. Th2 type reaction is caused by parasites. Therefore, the inflammatory reaction and pathological changes of people infected with Helicobacter pylori gradually weaken. This may lead to these individualsTime delay of progression from chronic gastritis to gastric cancer. In addition, different pro-inflammatory reactions may directly lead to different pathways of Helicobacter pylori-related pathology.

Gastric acid secretion

Th1 reaction mentioned above causes gastric parietal cells to inhibit their acid secretion. The environment with low acidity may promote the spread and persistence of Helicobacter pylori. In addition, whenGastric acid level is low.Microorganisms other than helicobacter pylori may grow in the human stomach, thusEnhance local inflammatory response.Pro-inflammatory cytokineandDecreased gastric acid secretionJoint action ofincreaseThe patients suffering from peptic ulcer and gastric cancerrisk.

On the other hand, when the secretion of acid decreases, duodenal ulcer is unlikely to occur. When the secretion of acid is enhanced, the risk of duodenal ulcer increases. However, it is alsoLow acidityUnder the conditions,The risk of duodenal ulcer may increase after Helicobacter pylori infection..

Gastric parietal cells control itAcid-producing abilityIt is important in the development of helicobacter pylori-related diseases. Helicobacter pylori infection mainly occurs in human stomach.Weakly acidic parts, such as the gastric antrum. Therefore, the host with high gastric acid secretion has a high density of Helicobacter pylori in the gastric antrum, and it mainly develops intoGastric antral gastritis. Subsequently, the intact parietal cells in the stomach are stimulated to secrete acid, thus inducing gastric metaplasia of the duodenum. Helicobacter pylori colonizes this gastric metaplasia, which may lead to duodenal ulcer.

On the other hand, the host with low gastric acid secretion is not only susceptible to Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric antrum, but also susceptible to Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric body. The infected Helicobacter pylori can further inhibit the acid secretion of gastric parietal cells. This can stimulate the continuous proliferation of gastric epithelial cells, leading toProgressive loss of gastric glands, eventually leading to gastric atrophy and cancer.

Environmental determinants

smoke

Some environmental factors are related to the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori. Smoking is the main factor in the development of gastric cancer. Tobacco smoke contains carcinogenic nitrosamines, which leads to the development of cancer.

High salt diet

Some dietary factors are related to helicobacter pylori disease. High-salt diet is associated with the increased rate of Helicobacter pylori colonization, gastritis and gastric cancer risk. High salt concentration leads to atrophy of parietal cells and destruction of mucosal barrier. However, only long-term high salt intake will increase the risk of Helicobacter pylori-related diseases.

High rice intake

There is a positive correlation between high rice intake and gastric cancer. Rice contains carbohydrates, which may irritate the gastric mucosa.

Low intake of fruits and vegetables

Low intake of fruits and vegetables may increase the risk of gastric cancer. Fruits and vegetables contain antioxidants vitamin C and beta-carotene, which can prevent cancer by neutralizing active oxygen.

Therefore, although several environmental factors are considered to be related to the occurrence of Helicobacter pylori-related diseases, their roles are often controversial. It is speculated that different environmental factors and the complex interaction between host and bacterial factors hinder the interpretation of the research results.

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Bacterial determinants of helicobacter pylori infection　 　

The overall influence of Helicobacter pylori factors in the development of diseases is complicated. Up to now, several specific proteins of Helicobacter pylori related diseases have been described. These protein are believed to be the reason for the persistence of Helicobacter pylori. As a side effect, these Helicobacter pylori proteins induce and change the inflammatory process and damage the gastric epithelium, thus determining the outcome of Helicobacter pylori infection.

　CagA　

Compared with patients infected with cagA-negative Helicobacter pylori isolates, the colonization of Helicobacter pylori isolates carrying cytotoxin related gene A(cagA) is similar to that of patients infected with CagA-negative Helicobacter pylori isolates.The risk of severe gastritis, peptic ulcer and distal gastric adenocarcinoma is increased.Related.

The presence or absence of cagA gene of Helicobacter pylori is often used as a marker for the presence or absence of PAI in Helicobacter pylori. Cag PAI consists of about 30 genes and accounts for 50%-70% of all Helicobacter pylori isolates. The recombination between two 31 bp repeats flanking cag PAI may lead to the deletion or acquisition of the whole cag region.　　

The 18 genes on cag PAI are very important to the development of CAG PaiIt is very important to produce type IV secretion system.. Type IV secretion system transports proteins (related to virulence) in bacterial cells to the cytosol of host cells. This usually leads toInitiation of cascade reaction of epithelial cell reactionFor example, changes in cytoskeleton and secretion of cytokine IL-8.

In Helicobacter pylori, the components of type IV secretion system transport CagA protein to gastric epithelial cells. Subsequently, CagA protein was phosphorylated. Then, this phosphorylated CagA interacts with the host phosphatase SHP-2, causing the rearrangement of cytoskeleton. This leads to morphological changes of host cells, also known as "hummingbird" phenotype. PhenotypicCharacterized by cell diffusionProlonged growth of epithelial cells and the existence of platelet lipoprotein and filamentous pseudopodia.　

As a counteracting event, phosphorylated CagA interacts with host Src kinase, thus weakening the signal transduction of host SHP-2 phosphatase. This process reduces the rearrangement of cytoskeleton andPrevents further phosphorylation of CagA..

Recently, it has been proved that Helicobacter pylori strains induce a high level of CagA phosphorylation in vivo. Epithelial cells induce more cytoskeleton changes, which are more likely to be related to gastric cancer.Difference of phosphorylation level of CagAIt is composed of tyrosine phosphorylation motifs (TPM) in 30 regions of cagA gene.Difference in quantityCaused.　

Helicobacter pylori population needs minimal immune recognition. Therefore, in the shrinking niche, theseThe subclones with reduced TPM number induced a weak host immune response..　

On the other hand, higher levels of CagA phosphorylation can cause stronginflammatory reaction. This kind of inflammation will lead to atrophy and may play a role in niche acid stress that limits high acid output.

Through observation, it was found that Helicobacter pylori strains lacking cagA gene were isolated from patients with peptic ulcer or gastric cancer, although their frequency was lower than that of cagA-positive Helicobacter pylori strains.

The association between cagA and Helicobacter pylori-related diseases is different in different geographical areas. This variation may be related to the difference of CagA expression.　　

However, CagA is not unique. Helicobacter pylori protein is responsible for barrier dysfunction, and this process is not lost with the clearance of CagA. VacA protein discussed in the next section is also important.

　VacA　

It is initially shown that eukaryotic cells undergo vacuolation and continuous degeneration in an in vitro test system with Helicobacter pylori. It turned out that this phenomenon was caused byHelicobacter pylori toxinInduced, now known as vacuolar cytotoxin A(VacA).　

VacA or CagA alone cannot be used as a determinant of clinical outcome.

　How does VacA function and lead to cell death?

Helicobacter pylori VacA is a highly immunogenic 95-kDa protein. VacA binds to the apical part of epithelial cells to form anion selective pores.

Through these holes,Bicarbonate, chloride and ureaReleased from the cytoplasm, VacA is then endocytosed into the late endosomal compartments and changes the permeability of these compartments.

In the presence of weak alkali (such as ammonia), this will lead to the influx of water, which will lead to vesicle swelling and vacuole formation. intra-cellularInjury of endocytosis pathwayEventually lead tocell death.

This leads to the decrease of epithelial cell resistance, so low molecular weight molecules such as Fe3+ and Ni2+ can easily pass through the epithelial cell layer.Fe3+ and Ni2+ molecules are the key factors of Helicobacter pylori growth and urease activity, respectively..　

Therefore, it is speculated that Helicobacter pylori can obtain these key factors more easily by degrading the epithelial cell barrier.

Helicobacter pylori VacA alsoRelated to the degradation of parietal cellsThis leads to a decrease in acid secretion, making it easier for the host.Suffer from stomach cancer. Difference of VacA expression level during persistent infectionLead to toxicity change. Therefore,The growth and decline of ulcer can be explained by the change of VacA expression with time..

The transcription of vacA gene was induced near gastric epithelial cells in vitro. This discovery confirms the importance of interaction between VacA and host cells. In addition, VacA canEscape adaptive immune response, thusEnhance the persistence of helicobacter pylori in gastric mucus layer.　

　Helicobacter pylori outer membrane protein (HOPs)

Among gram-negative bacteria,The outer membrane mediates the interaction with its surroundings.. During infection, it is assumed that the protein existing on the outer membrane of Helicobacter pylori is changed, so that the recognition function of the host immune system is minimized.

Helicobacter pylori isolates contain about 30 different outer membrane proteins (Hops). Several of them are adhesins. In gram-negative bacteria, adhesin most often forms the structure of polymeric fimbriae. However, in Helicobacter pylori, theseAdhesion has adapted to the gastric environment., in whichAcidic conditionIt may make this polymer fimbriae structuredepolymerization.　

Fucoid glycosylatedglycoproteinAnd sialylatedglycolipidHave been proved to be helicobacter pylori in gastric epithelium.Binding site.

Adhesion to host cells can protectHelicobacter pylori is protected from peristalsis and mucosal shedding..　

In addition, it is speculated that adhesion can make Helicobacter pylori better obtain nutrients released from gastric epithelium, and it is moreEffectively deliver bacterial toxins to host cells..　

On the other hand, at the site of severe inflammation,Loss of adhesion characteristicsIt may make helicobacter pyloriEscape the killing of host immune cells.So far, some hops are related to the development of diseases.

Helicobacter pylori BabA (HopS) mediates the adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to human Leb blood group antigens, which exist in gastric epithelial cells. BabA adhesion promotes the colonization of Helicobacter pylori and increases the secretion of IL-8 by epithelial cells, resulting inIncreased mucosal inflammation.

Both mechanisms of BabA regulation are helpful to promote the dynamic response of chronic infection.

During chronic inflammation, all types of Leb binding can be obtained in all blood groups by choosing to increase or decrease the adhesion period.

The glycosylation pattern of host mucosa leads to the evolution of BabA, which adapts Helicobacter pylori strains to their individual hosts, whichHelps avoid host reactions.And cause helicobacter pylori infection worldwide.Abnormal long-term.

Virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori plasticity region

The comparison of the genome sequences of two isolated strains showed that about 6%-7% of Helicobacter pylori genes in one strain did not exist in the other strain, and vice versa.

About half of the strain-specific genes exist in hypervariable regions; Plastic zone. Genes located in this plastic region usuallyAssociated with increased virulence.　

In helicobacter pylori, the plastic region doesencodeRelated to type IV secretion.Vir ATPase. In Helicobacter pylori, this secretion system is important in, for example, secreting CagA cytotoxin. So far, some helicobacter pylori located in the plastic zonegeneAnd helicobacter pyloriRelated diseasesRelated.

Helicobacter pylori Jhp0947 and Jhp0949 are related to duodenal ulcer disease. These two genes are located in the plastic region of Helicobacter pylori strain J99, which is mediated by Helicobacter pylori.IL-12 releaseIt’s very important.

Extracted from monocytes in an in vitro test system. Cytokine IL-12 is essential to bias the immune response to pro-inflammatory Th1 response, and it is closely related to the formation of duodenal ulcer.

byjhp0947andjhp0949The function of the coded protein is unknown. However, it has been assumed that these proteins induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12 through interaction with monocytes.

The level of IL-12 increased.Will lead to the differentiation of naive T cells into activated Th1 cells, which will lead toIncreased inflammatory response and increased tissue damage..

HpJhp0950, which encodes a protein with unknown function, is also a part of J99 plasticity region. The existence of this gene is related to cagA, cagE, vacA s1m1, babA2, hopQ T1 and oipA.

Jhp0950 is adjacent to Jhp0949 in the genome of Helicobacter pylori J99. Unlike Jhp0949, Jhp0950 is not associated with an increased risk of duodenal ulcer. However, its association with disease supportsHelicobacter pylori gene located in plastic region may be related to toxicity.The point of view.

Other virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori

In the United States and the Netherlands, helicobacter pylori iceA1 gene (one of the two allelic variants of iceA gene) is infected by helicobacter pylori.peptic ulcerIn patients with helicobacter pylori infection.Gastritis patientIt is more common.　

Similar to many other virulence-related genes, the relationship between IceA expression and Helicobacter pylori-related diseases is as followsGroup dependenceYes.

In Southeast Asia, there is no correlation between iceA1 and Helicobacter pylori-related diseases. Interestingly, the Helicobacter pylori isolated from South Africa which was positive for iceA1 was infected by Helicobacter pylori.gastric cancerAmong patientsThan only inHelicobacter pylori infectedIt is more common in patients with gastritis.

Note: Helicobacter pylori iceA1 was originally identified after being exposed to gastric epithelial cells. The endonuclease encoded by iceA1 gene is very similar to restriction endonucleases NlaIIIR in Lactococcus, and the highly conserved activity of deoxyribonucleic acid adenine methyltransferase encoded by Helicobacter pylori seems to be related to the control of gene expression of Helicobacter pylori.

Helicobacter pylori Jhp1462 is associated with an increased risk of MAL T lymphoma, duodenal ulcer and gastric adenocarcinoma. The function of protein encoded by Jhp1462 is unknown, and its importance in the development of severe gastroduodenal diseases remains to be clarified.

Above, we can see that Helicobacter pylori has brought various adverse effects to the human body in various ways. It seems that it should not survive in the human body for a long time. However, Helicobacter pylori has a long history in the human body.So how does Helicobacter pylori protect itself and survive in the human body?

five

Determinants of Helicobacter pylori colonization and persistence

Before the disease occurs, Helicobacter pylori willLong-term infection of human gastric mucosa. Therefore, the factors leading to the colonization and persistence of Helicobacter pylori and the pathogenesis related to Helicobacter pylori are as followsinner link. After entering the gastric cavity, Helicobacter pylori must cope with gastric acid.

Helicobacter pylori passes through itacid resistanceSurvive in this acidic condition: then pass through the mucus layer to reach its position close to the gastric epithelial cells. Chemotaxis, motility and adhesion are important processes of gastric epithelial cell colonization.

In order to persist in human gastric mucosa for a long time, Helicobacter pylori still needs nutrition from its host. This is achieved by degrading the integrity of the mucous layer and the underlying gastric epithelial cells. In addition, throughInhibition of host immune system, antigenic variation and antigenic mimicryThe elimination of helicobacter pylori is avoided.　

acid resistance

The lower pH value of helicobacter pylori growth is5.0-5.5Depending on the isolate being tested. In the gastric mucosa, the pH is also acidic, varying from 4 to 6.5. Moreover, when the mucus layer is destroyed, the pH value may drop occasionally.　

Survival of Helicobacter pylori after acid shock (pH<3)Depending on the urease activity of Helicobacter pylori proteinThe enzyme converts urea into ammonia and bicarbonate. This causes the periplasm or cytoplasm of Helicobacter pylori to be neutralized. Urease activity of helicobacter pylori is important for survival in vitro at acidic pH and in animal modelsColonization of gastric mucosaIt is very important, which proves the importance of urease in Helicobacter pylori infection.

At neutral pHThe combination of highly active urease and acid-regulated urea channelsIt explains why the viability of Helicobacter pylori in human stomach is unique. Effective inhibition of UreI protein will provide a method to eradicate Helicobacter pylori from normal, acid-secreting stomach.

Besides acid resistance, urease also has other basic functions related to gastric colonization.

Although urease is essential for the survival of acid shock, Helicobacter pylori urease is not enough to deal with chronic acidic environment near gastric epithelial cells. useacid inhibitorTreatment could not restore the colonization ability of urease negative mutant in the stomach of dwarf piglets.　

Urease participates in nitrogen metabolism of Helicobacter pylori.Ammonia and bicarbonate produced by urease activity are considered to affect many cellular processes in the host, including cell lysis.　

In addition to urease,Non-urease genes also contribute to acid resistance.And the survival and growth at acidic pH have nothing to do with urease. Among these non-urease genes, three regulatory proteins (Fur, NikR and HP0166) have been shown to contribute to the adaptability of Helicobacter pylori. This shows the importance of strictly adjusting the acid resistance mechanism.　

Karin et al.,　FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2006　

NikR directly and indirectly regulates the expression of urease through Fur regulation system. CsrA regulates the expression of Fur and HspR regulatory systems. Through the interaction of different gene regulatory proteins, Helicobacter pylori can sense and respond to a variety of signals.

Chemotaxis and movement of cells

The gastric epithelial cell layer is covered with a thick layer of mucus. It is assumed that this layer is relatively impermeable even to small molecules. Helicobacter pyloriInitiative and chemotaxisIs effective in penetrating this mucus layer.key.

In the mouse infection model, almost any mutation of motor and chemotactic system genes eliminated the ability of Helicobacter pylori to infect gastric mucosa, and emphasized the importance of these factors to colonization.

motility

The motility of helicobacter pylori is through the existenceTwo to six polar sheathed flagellaAnd realized it. Flagella consists of three structural elements: matrix, hook and filament. Up to now, more than 50 species of protein are related to the structure or regulatory organization of flagella.

Flagella filament consists of two subunits FlaA and FlaB. FlaA and flaB mutants of Helicobacter pylori could not be colonized in the model of infected piglets, indicating that Helicobacter pyloriFlagella is necessary for colonization.The virulence of Helicobacter pylori is also increased.

The motB gene of Helicobacter pylori encodes the flagella motor rotation protein. Helicobacter pylori motB gene knockout mutant still contains flagella, but it can’t move. The ability of the mutant to colonize mice decreased, which confirmed thatExercise is necessary for complete infectivity..

The regulation of flagella gene transcription is different from many other bacteria. Contrary to many other gram-negative bacteria with flagella, Helicobacter pylori has no transcription regulator to regulate the transcription of flagella gene.　

It is speculated that the movement of Helicobacter pylori does not need strict regulation, because it is indispensable at any time. However, some transcriptional regulation can still be seen in Helicobacter pylori. For example, FlhA and FlhF in protein, the components of the matrix, need to appear before the transcription of flagella genes in the middle and late stages.

chemotaxis

In addition to mobility, chemotaxis is also essential for the colonization of Helicobacter pylori. Chemotaxis allows Helicobacter pylori to direct its movement to the gastric epithelial layer.

The chemotactic receptor sensor of Helicobacter pylori encoded by HP0099 recognizes bicarbonate and arginine as attractants. This sensor protein on the outer membrane of Helicobacter pylori is similar to that on the outer membrane of Helicobacter pyloriReaction regulator CheYCoupling.

CheY, a reaction regulator, regulates the expression of flagella motor protein and makes Helicobacter pylori swim to its niche.

A knock-out mutant of response regulator CheY failed to colonize in abiotic piglets, which emphasized thatThe Importance of Chemotaxis in Initial Colonization.

The knock-out mutant of CheY and its histidine kinase showed thatChemotactic response to mucin is weakened..

Immune evasion

In the long-term colonization process, the host has a strong immune response to a variety of Helicobacter pylori antigens. However, these antigens are usually not exposed on the surface.

On the other hand, the antigens exposed on the surface are usually highly diverse, which makes it more difficult for the host to eliminate Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter pylori infection rarely produces enough immune response to remove bacteria. In fact, Helicobacter pylori canEffectively avoid innate and adaptive immune responses..

The innate immune response can’t recognize Helicobacter pylori substantially. Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activates innate immune response through TLR4. However, Helicobacter pylori LPS is far from being an effective inducer of gene expression mediated by TLR4.　

In Helicobacter pylori, the activation efficiency of immune response mediated by TLR5 is also low. Compared with Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium flagellin, Helicobacter pylori flagellin is not released, and it is not so strong in activating IL-8 secretion through TLR5.　

The failure of innate immune response to recognize Helicobacter pylori may lead to the failure of adaptive immune response to subsequently clear the infection.

The escape of adaptive immune system is mediated by at least two important mechanisms:Antigen simulationandimmunosuppression. Antigen simulation leads to the host immune system can not correctly identify Helicobacter pylori. For example, the Le blood group antigen on Helicobacter pylori LPS is also expressed on human epithelial cells. As a result, the immunogenicity of Helicobacter pylori LPS is poor, which supports the persistence of Helicobacter pylori. The ability of Helicobacter pylori strains lacking O antigen on their LPS to colonize mice was significantly reduced. Therefore,The typical structure of Helicobacter pylori LPS is very important in colonization..

In addition to avoiding immunity through antigen simulation,Immunosuppression also contributes to the chronic infection of Helicobacter pylori..

The immune response may be biased towards a more anti-inflammatory response or down-regulated (VacA). VacA of Helicobacter pylori can block the fusion of phagocyte and lysosome in macrophages, so that macrophages cannot kill Helicobacter pylori.　

In addition, VacA expression blocks T cell activation and therefore proliferation, activates T cell apoptosis, and inhibits antigen presentation in T cells.

The antigen processing of B lymphocytes may be prevented, possibly by limiting the maturation of endosomes to MHC class II compartments where antigen loading occurs. Therefore,VacAT cell and B cell responses to Helicobacter pylori are limited..

The existence of Helicobacter pylori can prevent some diseases?

Through the above methods, Helicobacter pylori can survive in the human body. To some extent, Helicobacter pylori is not always harmful to human hosts.

Studies have shown that the existence of Helicobacter pylori may inhibit the bacteria that cause tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and prevent asthma, Crohn’s disease, esophageal reflux, diarrhea and esophageal cancer. The decline in the incidence of Helicobacter pylori is related to the increase in the incidence of allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases, multiple sclerosis and abdominal diseases in children.

Therefore, to some extent, Helicobacter pylori has its existence value. This has caused a discussion about whether it is necessary to eradicate Helicobacter pylori.

06

Is it necessary to eradicate Helicobacter pylori?

It needs to be clear that Helicobacter pylori infection will not immediately cause fatal harm and serious consequences to human body, and the diseases caused by chronic gastritis, digestive tract ulcer and gastric cancer are the result of long-term existence and chronic interaction with other factors.

The fifth national consensus report on the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection has the following statements:

The benefits of eradicating Helicobacter pylori vary among different individuals.

Eradication of Helicobacter pylori promotes the healing of peptic ulcer and reduces the incidence of ulcer complications. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori can alleviate about 80% of early gastric MALT lymphoma. Compared with the patients infected with Helicobacter pylori without symptoms and complications, the benefits of eradicating Helicobacter pylori in these patients are obviously greater. Individuals with high risk of gastric cancer include family history of gastric cancer, early gastric cancer after endoscopic resection, gastric mucosal atrophy and/or intestinal metaplasia. The benefit of eradicating Helicobacter pylori in preventing gastric cancer is higher than that of low-risk individuals.

Helicobacter pylori-related dyspepsia must be ruled out before a reliable diagnosis of functional dyspepsia can be made.

Helicobacter pylori gastritis patients with dyspeptic symptoms, eradication of Helicobacter pylori can make some patients’ symptoms get long-term relief, which is the preferred choice.

Helicobacter pylori infection is the main cause of peptic ulcer. No matter whether the ulcer is active or not and whether there is a history of complications, Helicobacter pylori should be detected and eradicated.

…

Generally speaking, for individuals who have no competitive factors (old age, co-existing diseases, community reinfection rate, health and economic factors, etc.), eradication of Helicobacter pylori treatment.The advantages outweigh the disadvantages.

Children:

Routine detection of Helicobacter pylori in children under 14 years old is not recommended. It is recommended to detect and treat Helicobacter pylori in children with peptic ulcer, and it is recommended to detect and treat Helicobacter pylori in children undergoing endoscopic examination due to indigestion.

Compared with adults, children’s eradication treatment has many unfavorable factors, including small choice of antibiotics and low tolerance to adverse drug reactions. In addition, children with Helicobacter pylori infection have a certain spontaneous clearance rate, and the reinfection rate after eradication may be higher than that of adults.

Older people:

The risk of adverse drug reactions in the treatment of helicobacter pylori eradication in the elderly is increasing, so the treatment of helicobacter pylori eradication in the elderly should be evaluated comprehensively and treated individually.

Questionnaire survey shows that most clinicians tend to be conservative about the treatment of eradicating Helicobacter pylori in the elderly. Generally speaking, the tolerance and compliance of the elderly (over 70 years old) to the therapeutic drugs for eradicating Helicobacter pylori are reduced, and the risk of adverse antibiotic reactions is increased; On the other hand, the potential benefit of eradicating Helicobacter pylori in patients with non-atrophic gastritis or mild atrophic gastritis to prevent gastric cancer decreased.

It is very important to treat the consequences of Helicobacter pylori infection reasonably, and whether it is necessary to intervene Helicobacter pylori infection in natural population needs to weigh the advantages and disadvantages comprehensively. For patients with eradication indications, standardized treatment is needed to improve the first eradication rate and reduce the occurrence of drug resistance.

07

Conclusion　

In the process of chronic infection, many strains are colonized in one host at the same time, and the genetic variation of Helicobacter pylori isolates makes it difficult to predict the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori from a single factor. The co-evolution of Helicobacter pylori and its host enables it to settle for life.　　

With the improvement of modern health environment and the extensive use of antibiotics, the growth and spread of Helicobacter pylori is becoming more and more difficult, and the infection rate among the younger generation is low, and the infection rate of Helicobacter pylori will further decline in the next few decades.

A better understanding of the dialogue between Helicobacter pylori and other gastrointestinal microflora may provide a new direction for preventing or treating its infection.If helicobacter pylori infection is found in the health test report of intestinal flora, it should be paid attention to.When treatment is needed, new treatment strategies and drugs should be evaluated, or alternative strategies should be formulated to control the virulence of bacteria, so as to avoid ulcers and gastric cancer without eliminating its positive effects.

Appendix: Discovery History of Helicobacter Pylori

In the early 1980s, Helicobacter pylori was first discovered as the cause of stomach diseases. This discovery helps researchers to associate Helicobacter pylori infection with gastritis, ulcer and gastric cancer.

In 1982, two Australian researchers, Barry Marshall and Robin Warren, described the role of Helicobacter pylori infection.

However, Warren and Marshall’s theory about the function of Helicobacter pylori was not immediately accepted by the medical community. At that time, most scientists didn’t believe that bacteria could live in human stomach.

Marshall could not further test his work in laboratory mice, nor was he allowed to conduct experiments on people. Marshall, a brave scientific researcher, thought of a way.

He decided to eat Helicobacter pylori himself. He extracted the bacterium from the patient’s intestine, put it in the broth and drank it.

A few days later, Marshall developed intestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, bad breath and fatigue. He had a gastric biopsy and was able to culture Helicobacter pylori, which proved that bacteria caused his symptoms.

The medical community finally accepted the idea that Helicobacter pylori causes ulcers and other intestinal problems, but the obstacles to acceptance were long.

In 1994, the consensus development meeting of the National Institutes of Health officially recognized the close relationship between Helicobacter pylori and ulcers. The group suggested antibiotic treatment for patients with ulcers.

In 1996, FDA approved the first antibiotic therapy for ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori.

A year later, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) launched a national campaign in cooperation with other government agencies and academic institutions to provide doctors and patients with information about the relationship between Helicobacter pylori and ulcers.

In 2005, Marshall and Warren won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Ulcer is no longer regarded as an incurable chronic disease, but a disease that can be treated by short-term antibiotics and acid secretion inhibitors.

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Since the outbreak, the "live broadcast with goods" of physical business has rapidly climbed to the focus of the industry. According to the data of RET Ruiyide China Commercial Real Estate Research Center, the penetration rate of "shopping mall live broadcast" in first-and second-tier cities has reached about 30%, and the proportion of shopping mall head operators, department stores, Ole and other enterprises trying to live broadcast is higher.

However, except for some department stores, most operators who have tried live broadcast have failed to achieve the expected effect of bringing goods. In 2019, the annual sales of 177 anchors on Taobao platform exceeded 100 million yuan. Compared with e-commerce anchors, offline operators are mostly below the "waist" level. The preliminary survey shows that the leading operators in the industry have a single-day live broadcast of "cargo volume" of several hundred thousand yuan, and individual events have reached the level of one million yuan. More shopping centers can only carry a few thousand dollars a game, and some live broadcasts are simplified to online marketing in planning and organization, with "live broadcast" but no "carrying goods". Even some live broadcasts with good transaction figures often come from the price advantage subsidized by brands and shopping malls, which is not suitable for long-term high-frequency measures.

Therefore, for many shopping centers, live broadcast with goods seems to have become an "ineffective investment" again, which has caused questions such as "whether to continue live broadcast" and "whether to combine live broadcast with promotion". We believe that "live broadcast with goods" once again touches the essence of shopping centers as "traffic operation platforms". Only by breaking through the thinking barrier of shopping center traffic operation can we grasp the value role of shopping centers in the live broadcast industry.

The seemingly ineffective result is the thinking barrier of traffic operation.

RET Ruiyide defines the essence of shopping center as: physical space that attracts (customers) traffic with consumption function and scene experience, and retailers settle in to realize traffic and collect rent from retailers. The shopping center is responsible for attracting traffic, which is realized by retailers. Under the traditional asset management operation mode, the rent is the result of the retailer’s settlement and realization to the shopping center.

The live broadcast with goods can be another set of cash accounting system. From product selection and planning, to live broadcast, ordering, logistics and billing, the live broadcast of shopping centers is not only closely related to brand, marketing and platform traffic, but also self-contained, with the closed-loop potential of independent business. "Live broadcast with goods" has been fully flattened in the field of e-commerce, the ability of traffic attraction has been continuously verified, and there are mature solutions for traffic realization. The remaining problem is how to effectively reuse its business model and increase the flow value of shopping centers.

At present, although e-commerce live broadcast has become a trend in 2019, the starting point for shopping centers to do live broadcast is often the "last resort" during the epidemic period, and after the epidemic, it turns to marketing logic aimed at expanding sales. The neglect of realizing the commercial pain points of live broadcast limits the application scenarios of live broadcast in shopping center traffic operation.

We believe that offline physical business platforms, including department stores and shopping centers, actually have the ability to be turned into MCN institutions that do not rely on strong KOL. With the help of the increasingly mature CPS scheme of e-commerce, through the differentiated advantages of private domain operations and offline "sticky" services, the incremental cake of realizing traffic is cut off.

* MCN: Multi-channel Network, originally an intermediary between content creators and video platforms (such as YouTube), is now a company with the ability and resources to help content producers, ensure the continuous output of content and stabilize commercial realization.

* CPS: Cost Per Sale, originally an Internet advertising commission model, calculates the advertiser’s commission based on the actual sales brought by the advertisement according to a preset proportion. In the live broadcast scenario, it refers to the fact that after the consumer purchases the goods through the anchor, the anchor or its organization divides the commission on the actual sales of the goods.

Why is it "invalid"? Efficiency depends on the basic link, and the underlying logic depends on the growth mechanism.

To understand the business opportunities of shopping center live broadcast with goods, we need to clarify the "technical" efficiency problems in the existing attempts. One of the reasons for the popularity of e-commerce live broadcast is that the threshold for "broadcasting" is very low, and equipment, networks, personnel, etc. do not constitute entry barriers. However, in order to carry goods, we need to have complete "product functions" in product selection planning, site effect, atmosphere creation, rhythm control, payment logistics and so on.

Source: RET Ruiyide China Commercial Real Estate Research Center.

In the process of investigation, we found that the technical problems of live delivery in shopping malls include the following aspects:

Hardware support: fuzzy equipment, dim lighting, radio jitter, obsolete venue, etc., which greatly reduces the perception of live broadcast;

Choice of goods: most shopping centers only know the brand but not the goods, and lack control over which goods are more suitable for the live broadcast scene and the needs of the audience, which leads to the live broadcast without moving goods;

Content planning: Many operators’ own research shows that consumers often think that their live broadcast process is boring, and besides the live broadcast professionalism of the anchor itself, the neglect of script rehearsal, event planning and other links is the main reason;

Marketing preheating: for example, WeChat push, WeChat group notification, linkage between brand fans and shopping mall fans, etc., multi-terminal preheating is the premise of rapidly accumulating live traffic;

On-site team: Although there are only one or two anchors in front of the screen, as long as there are a little more viewers, it is necessary to increase on-site customer service and support teams to assist in real-time ordering, interaction, innovation, and fan precipitation;

Supply chain: offline commerce usually does not have the channel price advantage of e-commerce, and at the same time, it can’t control the delivery links such as inventory and logistics, so it can’t connect with the accounting scheme provided by the live broadcast platform;

Trading experience: due to the lack of supply chain, some shopping malls are forced to indirectly bring goods by issuing coupons online, but the long decision-making chain is basically equivalent to customer loss;

As an anchor in Chaoyang Joy City said in the media, the performance in front of the anchor camera only accounts for 30% of the live broadcast effect, and 70% of the success is attributed to team preparation. Different from the offline one-to-one sales scenario, the live broadcast process is one-to-many communication between anchors, which improves the efficiency of information transmission and magnifies the details.

The reason why the department store industry has obvious advantages in the current live broadcast war is that the department store has gradually opened up the link of live broadcast with goods in terms of supply chain and trading experience.

The financial report of over the rainbow Department Store shows that the online sales of its department store counters increased by 347% in the first quarter, and the order volume increased by 158% in the first quarter. The digital system independently developed by over the rainbow for several years has played an important role in the large-scale live broadcast operation during the epidemic. Relying on the digital system, brands are mainly responsible for live content, products and expressive force, and the threshold for additional investment is lowered, so merchants are willing to continue to cooperate.

Yintai has also shared the experience of live broadcast and digitalization on many occasions. Through the cooperation and deep transformation with Ali, Yintai has basically realized the digitalization of the whole link of goods, cashier, inventory, logistics and service. After the link is opened, the links including real-time linking of goods, inventory preparation, instant delivery and commission calculation can effectively support the live consumption process.

Source: RET Ruiyide China Commercial Real Estate Research Center.

When thinking about why the current live delivery mode is not effective, operators need to determine whether the problems directly observed are only the result of "improper basic operation". It can be seen that since April, some shopping centers have begun to lower their expectations for the online live broadcast, and the live broadcast mode has a tendency to be weakened into four scenarios:

First, operators no longer organize or participate in merchant self-broadcasting at high frequency, but encourage it to be normalized and give some support;

The second is to integrate "live broadcast with goods" into the annual promotion activities and focus on its own brand building;

Third, from live broadcast with goods to "live broadcast with powder" or "live broadcast with stores", and strive to plant grass for consumers to "visit the scene";

The fourth is to operate the live broadcast in isolation, hoping to verify the feasibility of changing the brand through live broadcast;

And these strategic adjustments seem to have returned to the comfort zone of "managing brands but not goods" and "paying attention to traffic but not operating traffic".

We believe that the lack of basic link is the direct cause of the current operator’s live broadcast becoming "ineffective investment", and most problems are actually "efficiency problems", including the efficiency of brand cooperation, fan drainage, launch planning, consumption transformation, follow-up service and so on, and the construction of basic link is the corresponding scheme to effectively improve efficiency.

What’s more, operators have still failed to get through the two-way growth mechanism with brands, including building traffic pools, sharing traffic revenue, matching people and goods, and promoting the empowerment of both parties. Problems such as product selection, supply chain, continuous traffic introduction, online traffic turning to offline, etc., can not be solved only by basic link construction. This kind of deep-seated problem is manifested in the intuitive experience of "no advantage in cost performance" and "no advantage in competition with e-commerce live broadcast", and the strategic goal shift from "bringing goods" to "assisting marketing, restructuring and attracting investment".

The dimension-increasing perspective of live broadcast with goods: what can MCN-like mode bring to shopping centers?

We believe that the significance of "live broadcast with goods" in physical commerce lies not in the inherent operation and its income structure, but in the innovative flow realization model. The opportunity we can see is that the strong confrontation of MCN e-commerce live broadcast industrial chain structure has brought the entry point of asymmetric competition and the possibility of increasing revenue sharing to the physical business platform.

Back to the problem of "no cost-effective advantage". In fact, all live broadcast subjects, whether e-commerce or physical businesses, head anchors or general anchors, are trying to achieve the selling point of "cost performance". "Cost-effective" is one of the core elements to compete for price-sensitive public domain traffic. "The lowest price of the whole network" is often the most important traffic harvesting strategy for Li Jiaqi and Weiya. During the period of double 11 in 2019, Baique Ling even temporarily canceled the "lowest price of the whole network" given to Li Jiaqi’s team, which caused many denunciations. However, the cost-effective strategy is only suitable for global traffic competition, and it is difficult for shopping centers and department stores to imitate e-commerce and compress the supply chain cost to the extreme.

Source: RET Ruiyide China Commercial Real Estate Research Center and CITIC Securities.

But price competition is not the only choice, and it is not a necessary means for shopping centers. The existing e-commerce companies prefer this strategy, which is closely related to its industrial chain structure. In particular, the competitive advantage of MCN, the key bridge responsible for realizing content, has been compressed in many ways, and supply chain competition has become a choice that MCN has to make.

Source: RET Ruiyide China Commercial Real Estate Research Center.

The online live broadcast industry chain lacks the inherent flow and credit endorsement of offline entities, so it relies heavily on live broadcast platforms and KOL anchors. On the one hand, MCN must obey the trading rules formulated by the platform and cannot bargain with the platform; On the other hand, the anchor’s own traffic is almost the only effective competitiveness of online live broadcast, and MCN must also compete for scarce anchor resources.

In terms of platform rules, e-commerce live broadcast general CPS mode (Cost Per Sale). The platform side determines the fixed proportion of brand owners (such as 80%). The rest is first divided within the platform, then cut to MCN and anchor, and finally MCN and anchor divide the residual income. Taking the mechanism of Taobao live broadcast as an example, the typical subcontracting scenario is:

Source: RET Ruiyide China Commercial Real Estate Research Center and CITIC Securities.

1. Taobao live broadcast platform merchants connect MCN and anchor through V-task and other channels, and clinch a deal with 100 yuan, with a commission of 20%, of which 6% is charged by Ali platform, and the remaining 14% is charged by MCN and anchor;

2. The e-commerce live broadcast of Aauto Quicker platform is diverted to Taobao platform, Ali platform charges 7.4%(6% content scene service fee +1.4% technical service fee), Aauto Quicker platform charges 6.5%, and MCN and anchor points remain 6.5%;

3. The e-commerce live broadcast of Tik Tok platform is diverted to Taobao platform. Ali platform charges 7.4%(6% content scene service fee +1.4% technical service fee), Tik Tok platform charges 0.2%, and the remaining 12.8% is MCN and anchor.

In terms of anchor sharing, the anchor’s traffic resources have obvious bargaining advantages. In the face of MCN, the head anchor can usually get a great commission tilt; For anchors of small and medium-sized fans, the share of MCN ranges from 60% to 70%. Therefore, small and medium-sized waist anchors become the profit point of MCN, but the instability of their traffic also brings risks; Head anchor is a sharp weapon for MCN to cut global traffic, but it also constitutes direct competition for MCN. A similar case in the real estate industry is the "28 structure" in industrial real estate operation: large enterprises in the park play an important role in industrial introduction, but for the park side, this part of the rent does not constitute a profit point; Small and medium-sized enterprises and small enterprises constitute the main rental profit points, but their stability is relatively poor and their risks are relatively high.

Of course, even the head anchor with huge traffic depends on MCN content support ability. For example, in Weiya’s team, there are more than 100 people who only choose products, and the product pass rate is only 5%. However, under the current market conditions, the personal characteristics and growth process of the head anchor have been difficult to replicate. On the one hand, the head anchor has unique live broadcast characteristics, such as Li Jiaqi’s uniqueness and attraction as a male beauty anchor.

On the other hand, the reason for the formation of the current head anchor is largely due to the traffic bonus of the early Taobao live broadcast. When the e-commerce live broadcast just developed in 2016, there was an extreme lack of natural traffic dividends formed by anchors. In 2018, the number of anchors who joined Taobao live broadcast increased by 180% year-on-year, and more than 200 institutions with professional production backgrounds joined simultaneously. The natural bonus no longer exists, and the competition for incubating, screening and signing the head anchor of MCN will be more intense in the future.

Source: RET Ruiyide China Commercial Real Estate Research Center, QuestMobile.

The opportunity of shopping centers lies in the "private competition" of the existing MCN industrial chain:

First of all, the existing traffic of shopping centers has obvious characteristics of "loyalty to the project". Once it is formed, it is difficult to change, and MCN lacks control over the whole platform traffic loyal to the anchor;

Secondly, the rules of the live broadcast platform and the existing settlement scheme improve the transparency of the industry, which can reduce the internal friction between shopping centers, brands and anchors in co-constructing live broadcast cooperation;

Thirdly, MCN must compete in global traffic, but shopping centers have the ability to accurately identify regional customer groups, so there is no pressure to incubate top traffic anchors strategically;

Finally, in the face of the natural private domain operation scene, the efficiency of merchant live broadcast is more important than the traffic scale, and with the goal of "improving the efficiency of merchant live broadcast", e-commerce live broadcast has produced a relatively mature scheme;

In the case of staggered global traffic competition, on the one hand, shopping centers can establish a digital income system with the help of the accounting rules of the e-commerce industry chain; On the other hand, by promoting the anchor to become the operating carrier of private domain traffic, it is also possible to build channels to connect surrounding consumers outside the physical space. If there is no need to rebuild the live broadcast platform or introduce Li Jiaqi, then the mall operators can enjoy the maximum benefits that MCN can get under the existing platform rules. Taking the aforementioned Taobao CPS rules as an example, without relying on the head anchor, the maximum score of each order of MCN may reach about 14%.

It is conceivable that when the selling point of "price advantage" becomes more competitive, existing industrial entities will also look for relatively relaxed market space. Even if the shopping center can’t form MCN function, cross-industry competitors may appear spontaneously. The trend that has emerged is that MCN is looking for opportunities to break through the Red Sea, and its "flow pool" is getting bigger and bigger, while individual flow channels are more streamlined. MCN is more and more inclined to the strategy of multi-anchor, in order to improve its bargaining power between upstream and downstream and reduce its dependence on a single anchor and its fan base.

MCN is further transforming from a "broker" to an incubation and empowerment organization, which is naturally adapted to the platform structure of shopping centers. The relationship between the brand and the operator is symbiotic. Rent-based is a traditional ecological scene, while live broadcast is a collaborative innovation of traffic realization through re-division. Operators can focus on improving the live broadcast efficiency of merchants, directly apply the rules of e-commerce platform in the sharing scheme, and learn from MCN’s existing content organization model. Under this circumstance, the e-commerce platform’s strong control over market rules is beneficial to the mall operators to control their own boundaries.

No MCN will consider recreating a Taobao live broadcast platform, but under the public domain, every MCN wants to recreate Li Jiaqi. For shopping centers, under the private scene, operators should find their own exclusive advantages in the live broadcast boom by changing their role thinking and making full use of the existing industrial framework.

From off-site to on-site, business orientation promotes the digital value of live broadcast with goods.

RET Ruiyide always believes that "off-site digitalization" is a more suitable path for shopping center digitalization. At present, most shopping centers are investing in "on-site digitalization", which is essentially optimizing the efficiency of "stock" of shopping malls with digital methods. "Off-site digitalization" is to expand the scope of commercial "field" to online, so as to obtain the increment of sales.

The live broadcast of the shopping center seems to be the starting point for the shopping center to start off-site digitization. On the one hand, the MCN-like model brings the shopping center the conditions to guide the off-site incremental business scene, on the other hand, the business form of live broadcast also requires the full integration of on-site and off-site digital construction. Here, we put forward three suggestions for the live broadcast of shopping centers:

1. Business orientation, clear objectives

Understanding the MCN model deeply, the shopping center can see the incremental cake in the live broadcast scene, but it needs to return to the real business scene to realize it. In the existing cases, different live broadcast business directions have their own ways of playing. For example, the brand special live broadcast usually has a clear direction of "people" and "goods", and shopping centers can cooperate with a single brand in depth, but it also makes it difficult to differentiate the attractiveness of traffic. Another example is the cloud shopping model, which relaxes the target customers to potential consumers of all categories in the whole region, while the whole process planning, content scripts, product links, etc. of live broadcast have high complexity. In addition, large-scale merchant self-broadcasting and online activities also involve different operational styles and business models.

More importantly, the difference of operators’ target positioning determines the nonstandard landing of live broadcast mode to business. Top-level positioning, brand structure, project cycle, customer group characteristics, etc. are all factors that need to be considered to determine the specific form of live broadcast business. The only certainty is that the live broadcast after the epidemic will no longer be a short-term destocking measure; In the air outlet of the live broadcast industry, the live broadcast of shopping centers guided by business will gradually find a mature model.

2. Organizational adaptation and efficiency optimization

Just like the deconstruction of MCN industrial chain, MCN’s gradually mature organizational model has a strong reference significance for optimizing the live broadcast efficiency of physical commerce. Shopping centers also need to be compatible with the organizational structure of independent product teams, and even evolve into a product-oriented rather than process-oriented overall organization. At present, there is still a big gap between the live broadcast team of shopping centers and MCN organizations in the professionalism of "content realization". Some enterprises form live broadcast teams by transferring members from various departments. Under the process-oriented organizational structure, shopping centers can efficiently output targeted solutions in terms of brands, goods and consumers, but it is difficult to make efficient resource matching, achievement evaluation and content adjustment for live broadcast products like MCN. The existing competitive disadvantage of MCN actually makes it make a good efficiency optimization in the organizational structure to adapt to the digital path of content realization to the greatest extent, and shopping centers can also refer to its model.

3. Off-site perspective, inward empowerment

In the live broadcast scenario, the digital adaptation of the transaction link is a necessary prerequisite. The demand for trading links first occurs off-site, and its actual construction needs to be synchronized on and off-site. Whether it’s online shopping malls, small programs, or WeChat official account and WeChat groups, all possible trading scenarios should now provide consumers with convenient and fast trading channels. Therefore, shopping centers need to turn to "goods" as the starting point, from real estate developers to real operators, and empower brands to match people and goods.

Mature live broadcast operation system can eventually lead to external data and bring important off-site reference to shopping malls. Taking consumer data as an example, the "sticky service mode" of on-site consumption and off-site live broadcast provides the possibility of opening up user life cycle data. In the past, "on-site digitalization" only analyzed the small and incomplete on-site behavior of consumers, and could not capture consumers in all directions. The stable live broadcast service has the ability to interact with consumers at high frequency, which makes it easier for shopping centers to see the overall performance of consumption trends. For example, some offline live broadcast data have already reflected the advantages of all-platform categories of beauty, fashion brand and sports. The operation of shopping malls in the Internet era is entering an off-site era, and the live broadcast service of shopping centers may be an important opportunity.

summarize

The live broadcast attempt of the physical business platform has not yet completed the 1.0 construction. After the trial of live broadcast in the last stage, it seems that the operators can’t make clear the operation direction of live broadcast business because of superficial ineffectiveness.

As a conclusion, we provide the following thinking paths for practitioners who are also examining the live broadcast boom:

1. Is the existing live broadcast attempt inefficient or ineffective?

-Non-professional resource input will lead to inefficient output, but it does not mean that it is ineffective.

2. Becoming an MCN independent of KOL may be the next stage of the live broadcast of shopping centers.

-Multiplying the MCN model into the private scene, the shopping center has the ability to obtain the bargaining power that the e-commerce MCN can’t match.

3. Business-oriented, off-site first, and live broadcast may be the best entry point for shopping centers to promote digitalization at present.

-In the future, digital shopping centers will certainly be able to make profitable live broadcasts.

In the post-epidemic stage, it is believed that more and more operators will quickly precipitate the business model of live broadcast with goods, and accelerate the innovative operation mechanism in the aspects of live broadcast business scenarios, organizational structure optimization, and digital integration inside and outside the field. Ruiyide will also think and grow together with the industry.

Today, with the rapid development of the new energy vehicle market, Extreme Fox has once again launched an eye-catching masterpiece-Extreme Fox Alpha T5 with its excellent technical strength and forward-looking design concept. This model not only achieved a double breakthrough in endurance and charging efficiency, but also redefined the new standard of electric travel with its excellent performance and intelligent configuration.

Extreme Fox Alpha T5 has no worries about battery life, making it a new choice for long-distance travel.

In the field of electric vehicles, cruising range has always been one of the most concerned pain points for consumers. With its high-efficiency battery system and optimized power system, Extreme Fox Alpha T5 has brought unprecedented endurance experience to consumers. According to different battery capacity configurations, the Extreme Fox Alpha T5 provides a cruising range of up to 660 kilometers, which can easily meet the needs of commuting and long-distance travel in cities. Whether it’s a daily trip or a weekend outing, the polar fox Alpha T5 can make drivers enjoy carefree electric travel with stable endurance performance. Even if you gallop on the highway, there is no sudden drop in power. This made me deeply feel the excellent strength of the Extreme Fox Alpha T5 in battery life.

Extreme Fox Alpha T5 charges quickly, bidding farewell to power anxiety.

In addition to its strong endurance, the Extreme Fox Alpha T5 also shows excellent performance in terms of charging efficiency. This model is equipped with advanced fast charging technology, which can quickly replenish the power in a short time, greatly shortening the waiting time for charging. Whether using public fast-charging piles or household charging piles, the polar fox Alpha T5 can realize an efficient charging process, so that drivers can bid farewell to the power anxiety.

Extreme Fox Alpha T5 intelligent configuration leads the new trend of electric travel.

The Extreme Fox Alpha T5 not only performs well in battery life and charging, but also its intelligent configuration is eye-catching. The car is equipped with advanced intelligent interconnection system and high-precision navigation system, which provides convenient information entertainment and route planning services for drivers. At the same time, the vehicle is also equipped with a number of intelligent driving assistance systems, such as automatic parking and adaptive cruising, which make driving easier and safer.

The intelligence of Extreme Fox Alpha T5 is not only reflected in the driver assistance system, but also runs through the whole process of car use. Remote control of vehicles and real-time view of vehicle status through mobile APP allow drivers to master vehicle information anytime and anywhere. This intelligent car experience not only improves the convenience of driving but also enhances the safety of driving.

With the continuous development of the new energy vehicle market, consumers’ demand for electric travel is also increasing. Extreme Fox Alpha T5 has successfully led the new trend of electric travel with its excellent endurance, efficient charging efficiency and intelligent configuration design. In the future, we expect that Extreme Fox will continue to uphold the spirit of innovation and continuously introduce more excellent products to bring consumers a better travel experience.

　　The Sora model is popular all over the world, making artificial intelligence (AI) once again the focus. With this popularity, the attention of AI courses on social media platforms has only increased. Among them, many course advertisements claim that "it only takes a few hundred yuan to quickly master AI skills". Are these courses really reliable, and what legal risks are hidden behind them?

　　Recently, "Li Yizhou", a self-media blogger who made huge income by selling AI courses live, once again boarded the cusp of public opinion. Its WeChat applet "One boat, One lesson" for selling AI courses has been suspended due to violation of the Interim Provisions on the Development and Management of Public Information Services for Instant Messaging Tools, and related courses have also been removed.

　　Many students who bought the AI course in Li Yizhou accused the course of serious "water injection", many additional charging routines, and lack of after-sales and refund channels. In this regard, lawyers said that the AI courses in Li Yizhou are suspected of infringing on the legitimate rights and interests of consumers and AI model trainers, or will face legal accountability.

　　Suspected of false propaganda and infringement of consumer rights and interests

　　"Dr. Tsinghua teaches you an artificial intelligence course that you can understand", "0 basics and 0 thresholds" and "Don’t worry about learning" … Attracted by advertising slogans, many consumers spent 199 yuan to buy an AI video class in Li Yizhou online, only to find that the goods were not right after browsing.

　　Among the 40 courses, the duration of a single lesson is only about 10 minutes, and the shortest is only 2 minutes. The content of the course focuses on popular science, which is not only far from advertising, but also often induces students to upgrade the 1980 yuan advanced course. Although the students who bought the course were given more than 1 million advanced "computing power", they could do practical exercises such as drawing and making videos on Li Yizhou’s website "Yizhou Intelligence". However, an operation often costs tens of thousands of "calculations". After the gift of "calculation power" is spent, students will have to buy the relevant tools separately.

　　"This is a common low-cost drainage marketing strategy." Zhang Mingqi, a lawyer of Beijing Tianyuan (Guangzhou) Law Firm, said that if the seller sells the course at a low price but fails to guarantee the quality of the course and does not meet the publicity content, it has been suspected of violating the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Anti-Unfair Competition Law and the Price Law, which constitutes price fraud and false publicity, or will face administrative punishment.

　　Some students who expressed dissatisfaction were "kicked" out of the course group chat by the teaching assistants, and they could not contact customer service to apply for a refund.

　　There is a contractual relationship between the operator and the online course purchaser, and providing education management should be an incidental service of the course. Zhang Mingqi believes that the lack of after-sales and teaching services may also constitute a breach of contract. Consumers can ask operators to bear the responsibility according to the contract. If the operator’s related behavior constitutes fraud, according to the relevant provisions of the Consumer Protection Law, consumers even have the right to demand triple compensation.

　　However, Zhang Mingqi reminded that consumers should read the terms of the contract carefully before purchasing paid content. "Pay special attention to the core terms such as course content, fee amount and refund conditions, and collect and save transaction evidence when disputes arise." She said.

　　Suspected of infringing the copyright of AI model creators

　　Another big controversy in Li Yizhou AI course is that Yizhou intelligent website is suspected of stealing AI drawing model for profit.

　　On February 21st, a chat record posted on the online platform showed that an individual creator of AI model posted the AI drawing model of creative training on an original model sharing community website, and declared that the model could not be resold or sold as a fusion model, but then he saw the same model on Yizhou intelligent website.

　　The reporter saw in the above-mentioned sharing community website that users can use the AI drawing model uploaded by the creator to input requirements and generate pictures with specific styles. The model display interface all indicates: "If an enterprise needs to use the model for commercial purposes, it can contact the platform for consultation and register the model for commercial authorization."

　　Is AI drawing model protected by copyright law? Article 3 of China’s Copyright Law stipulates: "Works mentioned in this Law refer to intellectual achievements that are original and can be expressed in a certain form in the fields of literature, art and science". Hu Ziqi, a lawyer of Guoding Law Firm, said: "AI technology is like a drawing board that we use for traditional drawing, and its original learning material is the object of copying painting. The resulting AI drawing model still belongs to the creator’s wisdom and originality, and should be protected." He pointed out that if the creator’s statement is true, Yizhou Intelligent has used other creators’ AI drawing models for commercial purposes without permission, which has been suspected of infringing on the legitimate rights and interests of relevant creators.

　　Zhang Mingqi added that according to the statement of the relevant sharing community, although the AI ? ? drawing trainer publicly released the relevant model, he actually retained a number of rights. If Yizhou Intelligent Platform uses the relevant model without publicizing the creator, it is suspected of infringing the right of signature. Secondly, although Yizhou Intelligent claims to have "fine-tuned" the relevant model, the secondary development is also suspected of infringing the trainer’s software modification right; Publishing the revised model is suspected of infringing the trainer’s right to spread software information on the internet.

　　According to public reports, the operating entity company of the aforementioned AI model sharing community website issued a statement on February 21, saying that it privately published the AI model originally published in the community for Yizhou Intelligent, and commercialized it without notification and authorization. Lawyers have been entrusted to preserve the evidence, and legal responsibilities will be pursued against the infringer.

　　Nanfang Daily reporter Chen Ziyang

In order to implement the major decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on promoting carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions, give full play to the role of fiscal functions, and promote the goal of carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions as scheduled, the Ministry of Finance issued the Opinions on Financial Support for Doing a Good Job in Carbon Neutralization in peak carbon dioxide emissions on May 30th (hereinafter referred to as the Opinions). The Opinions support carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions from four aspects: general requirements, key directions and areas of support, fiscal policy measures and safeguard measures.

In addition, the relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Finance answered the reporter’s questions about the Opinions.

The "Opinions" pointed out that by 2025, the fiscal policy tools will be continuously enriched, and the fiscal and taxation policy framework conducive to green and low-carbon development will be initially established, which will strongly support all industries in various regions to accelerate green and low-carbon transformation.Before 2030, a fiscal and taxation policy system conducive to green and low-carbon development will be basically formed, and a long-term mechanism to promote green and low-carbon development will be gradually established to promote the smooth realization of peak carbon dioxide emissions’s goals. Before 2060, the policy system of financial support for green and low-carbon development is mature and sound, and the goal of carbon neutrality is promoted smoothly.

The Opinions call for strengthening the overall planning of financial resources, optimizing the structure of fiscal expenditure, and increasing support for carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions.Improve the market-oriented diversified investment mechanism. Study and set up a national low-carbon transformation fund to support the green transformation of traditional industries and resource-rich areas. Give full play to the guiding role of existing government investment funds, including the National Green Development Fund. Encourage social capital to set up green and low-carbon industry investment funds in a market-oriented way. Incorporate eligible green and low-carbon development projects into the scope of government bond support. Take various ways to support government and social capital cooperation (PPP) projects in the field of ecological environment, and standardize local governments’ performance of PPP projects.

The "Opinions" proposes to give play to the incentive and restraint role of tax policies.. Implement tax policies such as environmental protection tax, resource tax, consumption tax, vehicle and vessel tax, vehicle purchase tax, value-added tax and enterprise income tax; We will implement preferential tax policies such as energy saving and water saving and comprehensive utilization of resources, study and support tax policies related to carbon emission reduction, and give full play to the role of taxation in promoting the green and low-carbon development of market players. Optimize the tariff structure according to the requirements of accelerating green and low-carbon development and continuously improving environmental quality.

In the direction of key support areas, the Opinions pointed out that renewable energy such as photovoltaic, wind power and biomass energy should be supported.And the new energy with steady output replaces fossil energy. Improve support policies to encourage unconventional natural gas exploitation to increase production and quantity. Encourage qualified areas to try first, develop new energy storage and pumped storage according to local conditions, and accelerate the formation of an electric power development mechanism based on energy storage and peak shaving capacity. Strengthen energy conservation supervision of key industries and key equipment, and organize energy measurement review.

Vigorously support the development of new energy vehicles, improve the charging and replacing infrastructure support policies., steadily promote the demonstration and application of fuel cell vehicles. Promote the synergy of pollution reduction and carbon reduction, continuously carry out comprehensive management of coal-fired boilers and industrial furnaces, expand the support scope of clean heating in winter in northern China, and encourage the use of clean energy for heating according to local conditions.

To support peak carbon dioxide emissions’s carbon-neutral work, the relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Finance said,The Ministry of Finance has comprehensively used various policies and measures such as financial fund guidance, tax adjustment and government green procurement to support the promotion of carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions., and support the development of clean energy through the following channels:

The first is to implement the financial subsidy policy for the promotion and application of new energy vehicles.The Ministry of Finance, together with relevant departments, will continue to improve the subsidy policy for the purchase of new energy vehicles, continuously raise the threshold of subsidy technology, reasonably grasp the strength and pace of subsidy standards, and promote the high-quality development of the new energy vehicle industry. In 2021, China’s new energy (600617) automobile sales reached 3.521 million, up 1.6 times year-on-year, ranking first in the world for seven consecutive years. At the end of 2021, the Ministry of Finance, together with relevant departments, issued a notice, comprehensively considering factors such as the development plan of the new energy vehicle industry, the market sales trend and the smooth transition of enterprises, and clarifying that the purchase subsidy policy for new energy vehicles will be terminated on December 31, 2022.

The second is to implement the subsidy policy for renewable energy power generation.Since 2006, the central government has implemented a subsidy policy for renewable energy power generation based on fixed electricity prices, and strived to promote the high-quality leap-forward development of renewable energy. By the end of 2021, the installed capacity of renewable energy power generation in China reached 1.063 billion kilowatts, including 328 million kilowatts of wind power generation, 306 million kilowatts of photovoltaic power generation and 37.98 million kilowatts of biomass power generation. In 2021, the national renewable energy generation capacity reached 2.48 trillion kWh.

The third is to encourage the exploitation and utilization of unconventional natural gas.Since shale gas was included in the scope of subsidies in 2012, domestic unconventional natural gas production has increased steadily for nine consecutive years. Since 2019, unconventional natural gas included in the scope of subsidies includes shale gas, coalbed methane and tight gas. According to the principle of "more subsidies and more subsidies in winter", unconventional natural gas subsidies are based on the results-oriented method of incremental assessment, encouraging local and enterprises to increase gas production. With the support of policies, the actual exploitation and utilization of unconventional natural gas in 2021 will account for more than one third of China’s total natural gas production, which will become an important guarantee for production.

The fourth is to promote clean heating in winter in the northern region.In recent years, the central government has allocated special funds for the prevention and control of air pollution to support the clean heating work in the northern region in winter, including 88 cities in five batches, guiding local governments to carry out clean heating renovation and energy-saving renovation of existing buildings according to local conditions, effectively reducing loose coal consumption, promoting the synergy of pollution reduction and carbon reduction, and promoting the green transformation of energy structure.

The following is the original text of "Opinions on Financial Support for Carbon Neutralization in peak carbon dioxide emissions":

In order to thoroughly implement the major strategic decision of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions, according to the relevant work arrangements of "Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Completely, Accurately and Comprehensively Implementing the New Development Concept and Doing a Good Job in Carbon Neutralization in peak carbon dioxide emissions" and "peak carbon dioxide emissions Action Plan by 2030" (Guo Fa [2021] No.23), we hereby put forward the following opinions on financial support for doing a good job in carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions.

I. General requirements

(1) Guiding ideology.

Guided by the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the New Era, we will fully implement the spirit of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the previous plenary sessions of the 19th National Congress, thoroughly implement the Supreme Leader’s ecological civilization thought, adhere to the general tone of striving for progress while maintaining stability in accordance with the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, fully implement the new development concept based on the new development stage, build a new development pattern, promote high-quality development, adhere to the systematic concept, and incorporate carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions into the overall layout of ecological civilization construction and the overall economic and social development. Adhere to the coordinated promotion of carbon reduction, pollution reduction, green expansion and growth, actively build a fiscal and taxation policy system conducive to promoting efficient use of resources and green and low-carbon development, promote a better combination of promising government and effective market, and support the realization of peak carbon dioxide emissions’s carbon neutrality goal as scheduled.

(2) Working principles.

Based on the present, focus on the long-term. Focusing on achieving the goal of carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions as scheduled, we should strengthen the connection between financial support policies and the national "14th Five-Year Plan" outline, seize the critical period and window period of peak carbon dioxide emissions’s work during the 14th Five-Year Plan, implement proactive fiscal policies, improve efficiency, pay more attention to accurate and sustainable requirements, and rationally plan financial support for peak carbon dioxide emissions’s carbon neutrality policy system.

Adjust measures to local conditions and make overall plans. Local financial departments make overall consideration of local work basis and reality, promote work in a steady and orderly manner, make classified policies, and formulate and implement financial support measures that are both in line with their own reality and meet the overall requirements. Strengthen the overall planning of financial resources and normalize the implementation of the direct mechanism of financial funds. Promote the coordinated efforts of funds, taxation, government procurement and other policies to improve the effectiveness of fiscal policy.

Results-oriented, rewarding the superior and punishing the inferior. Strengthen budget constraints and performance management, and the central government will give incentives and support to areas that have achieved outstanding results in promoting related work; Appropriately deduct relevant transfer payment funds in areas where the relevant work is not active or the effect is not obvious, and form an incentive and restraint mechanism.

Strengthen communication, internal and external smooth. Adhere to the principles of common but differentiated responsibilities, fairness and respective capabilities, strengthen multilateral and bilateral international financial dialogue, exchange and cooperation, coordinate domestic and international resources, promote advanced green and low-carbon technologies and experiences at home and abroad, deeply participate in global climate governance, and actively strive for international resources support.

(3) Main objectives.

By 2025, fiscal policy tools will be continuously enriched, and a fiscal and taxation policy framework conducive to green and low-carbon development will be initially established, which will strongly support all industries in various regions to accelerate green and low-carbon transformation. Before 2030, a fiscal and taxation policy system conducive to green and low-carbon development will be basically formed, and a long-term mechanism to promote green and low-carbon development will be gradually established to promote the smooth realization of peak carbon dioxide emissions’s goals. Before 2060, the policy system of financial support for green and low-carbon development is mature and sound, and the goal of carbon neutrality is promoted smoothly.

Second, support key directions and areas

(1) Support the construction of a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system. Orderly reduce and replace, and promote the transformation and upgrading of coal consumption. Optimize the clean energy support policy, vigorously support the high proportion of renewable energy applications, and promote the construction of a new power system with a gradually increasing proportion of new energy. Support renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic, wind power and biomass energy, as well as new energy sources with stable output to replace fossil energy. Improve support policies to encourage unconventional natural gas exploitation to increase production and quantity. Encourage qualified areas to try first, develop new energy storage and pumped storage according to local conditions, and accelerate the formation of an electric power development mechanism based on energy storage and peak shaving capacity. Strengthen energy conservation supervision of key industries and key equipment, and organize energy measurement review.

(2) Support the green and low-carbon transformation in key industries. Support the industrial sector to develop into high-end, intelligent and green advanced manufacturing. Deepen the establishment of urban-rural transportation integration demonstration counties and improve the equalization level of urban-rural transportation services. Support the optimization and adjustment of transportation structure. Vigorously support the development of new energy vehicles, improve the supporting policies for charging and replacing infrastructure, and steadily promote the demonstration and application of fuel cell vehicles. Promote the synergy of pollution reduction and carbon reduction, continuously carry out comprehensive management of coal-fired boilers and industrial furnaces, expand the support scope of clean heating in winter in northern China, and encourage the use of clean energy for heating according to local conditions. Support northern heating areas to carry out energy-saving renovation of existing urban residential buildings and rural houses, and promote peak carbon dioxide emissions’s carbon neutrality in urban and rural construction. We will continue to promote the substitution of electric energy in industries, transportation, construction, agriculture and rural areas, and implement "replacing coal with electricity" and "replacing oil with electricity".

(3) Support green and low-carbon scientific and technological innovation and basic capacity building. Strengthen support for the research and development, popularization and application of green technologies such as low carbon, zero carbon and negative carbon, energy conservation and environmental protection. Encourage qualified units, enterprises and regions to tackle key problems of low-carbon, zero-carbon and negative-carbon energy storage new materials, new technologies and new equipment, as well as industrialization and large-scale application, and establish and improve a green and low-carbon technology assessment and trading system and a scientific and technological innovation service platform. Strengthen the research on peak carbon dioxide emissions’s basic theory, basic methods, technical standards and realization path of carbon neutrality. Strengthen the basic support of carbon sink in ecosystem. Support the capacity building to adapt to climate change, and improve the capacity of disaster prevention and mitigation.

(4) Support green and low-carbon life and resource conservation and utilization. Develop circular economy, promote comprehensive utilization of resources, and strengthen the utilization of urban and rural garbage and rural waste resources. Improve the recycling system of waste materials and promote the recycling of renewable resources to improve quality and efficiency. Establish and improve the extended producer responsibility system for automobiles, electrical and electronic products, and promote the healthy development of the renewable resource recycling industry. Promote the resource utilization of crop straw and livestock manure, and promote the recycling of plastic film. Support the construction of "waste-free cities" and form a number of replicable and popularized experience models.

(5) Support the consolidation and improvement of carbon sink capacity. Support the improvement of ecological carbon sink capacity of forests, grasslands, wetlands and oceans. Carry out integrated protection and restoration of mountains, rivers, fields, lakes, grass and sand. Implement major projects for the protection and restoration of important ecosystems. We will further promote large-scale land greening, comprehensively protect natural forests, consolidate the achievements of returning farmland to forests and grasslands, support the management and protection of forest resources and the prevention and control of forest and grassland fires, strengthen the ecological restoration of grasslands, and strengthen the protection and restoration of wetlands. Support pastoral and semi-pastoral provinces to implement the grassland compensation policy, accelerate the transformation of the development mode of grass and animal husbandry, and promote the steady recovery of grassland ecological environment. Promote the protection and restoration of marine ecosystems as a whole, and enhance the carbon fixation capacity of mangroves, seagrass beds and salt marshes. Support the comprehensive control of soil erosion.

(6) Support the improvement of the green and low-carbon market system. Give full play to the role of trading markets such as carbon emission rights, energy use rights and emission rights, and guide the optimization of industrial layout. Improve the statistical accounting and supervision system of carbon emissions, improve the relevant standard system, and strengthen the construction of carbon emission monitoring and measurement system. Support the unified supervision and management of national carbon emissions trading, improve the quota allocation management of the national carbon emissions trading market, gradually expand the scope of trading industries, enrich trading varieties and trading methods, and introduce paid distribution in due course. We will fully implement the pollutant discharge permit system, improve the paid use and trading system of pollutant discharge rights, and actively cultivate the trading market. Improve the carbon emission reporting and information disclosure system of enterprises and financial institutions.

Third, fiscal policy measures

(1) Strengthen the guiding role of financial funds. Strengthen the overall planning of financial resources, optimize the structure of fiscal expenditure, and increase support for carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions. The financial fund arrangement closely revolves around the deployment of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions. The fund allocation highlights key points, strengthens the protection of key industries and improves the accuracy of the fund policy. When allocating the existing central-local related transfer payment funds, the central government will give incentives and support to areas that have achieved outstanding results in promoting related work and played a leading role in demonstration.

(2) Improve the market-oriented diversified investment mechanism. Study and set up a national low-carbon transformation fund to support the green transformation of traditional industries and resource-rich areas. Give full play to the guiding role of existing government investment funds, including the National Green Development Fund. Encourage social capital to set up green and low-carbon industry investment funds in a market-oriented way. Incorporate eligible green and low-carbon development projects into the scope of government bond support. Take various ways to support government and social capital cooperation (PPP) projects in the field of ecological environment, and standardize local governments’ performance of PPP projects.

(3) Give play to the role of tax policy as an incentive and restraint. Implement tax policies such as environmental protection tax, resource tax, consumption tax, vehicle and vessel tax, vehicle purchase tax, value-added tax and enterprise income tax; We will implement preferential tax policies such as energy saving and water saving and comprehensive utilization of resources, study and support tax policies related to carbon emission reduction, and give full play to the role of taxation in promoting the green and low-carbon development of market players. Optimize the tariff structure according to the requirements of accelerating green and low-carbon development and continuously improving environmental quality.

(4) Improve the government’s green procurement policy. Establish and improve the government procurement demand standard system for green and low-carbon products, and formulate the government procurement demand standards for green buildings and green building materials by classification. Vigorously promote the application of prefabricated buildings and green building materials to promote the improvement of building quality. Increase the government procurement of new energy and clean energy official vehicles and ships. In addition to special geographical environment and other factors, official vehicles such as confidential communications should purchase new energy vehicles in principle, giving priority to the rental services of new energy vehicles, and official ships should give priority to the purchase of new energy and clean energy ships. Strengthen the main responsibility of purchasers, specify the requirements of green and low carbon in government procurement documents, and increase the procurement of green and low carbon products.

(5) Strengthening international cooperation in tackling climate change. Based on China’s position as a developing country, we will stabilize the existing multilateral and bilateral climate financing channels and continue to seek technical, financial and project assistance from international financial organizations and foreign governments. Actively participate in the United Nations Climate funding negotiations, promote the full and effective implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Paris Agreement, build a green and low-carbon brand of the Belt and Road Initiative, and jointly promote global climate and environmental governance. Closely follow and actively participate in the formulation of international sustainable disclosure standards.

Fourth, safeguard measures

(1) Strengthen the implementation of responsibilities. The financial departments at all levels should earnestly improve their political stance, attach great importance to the work related to carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions, and promote the realization of the goal of carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions as scheduled in accordance with the relevant requirements of the division of financial affairs and expenditure responsibilities between the central and local governments. Provincial financial departments should improve the working mechanism, study and formulate local financial support to do a good job in peak carbon dioxide emissions’s carbon-neutral policies and measures, compact responsibilities at different levels, clarify the division of responsibilities, and strengthen supervision and guidance to the financial departments of cities and counties. The financial departments of cities and counties are responsible for the financial support of the administrative region for carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions, and do a good job in the implementation of central and provincial policies.

(2) Strengthen coordination and cooperation. Establish and improve the collaborative promotion mechanism of financial departments’ up-and-down linkage and horizontal interaction between finance and other departments. The financial departments at all levels should speed up sorting out the existing policies, clearly support the investment channels related to carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions, include the tasks related to carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions in the scope of support, strengthen coordination with the departments of development and reform, science and technology, industry and informatization, natural resources, ecological environment, housing and urban and rural construction, transportation, water conservancy, agriculture and rural areas, energy, forestry and grass, meteorology, etc., and fully mobilize the enthusiasm of all aspects to form a joint effort.

(3) Strict budget management. Continuously improve the allocation efficiency of financial resources and the efficiency of financial support for carbon-neutral funds in peak carbon dioxide emissions. We will promote the full coverage of budget fund performance management in supporting carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions, strengthen budget fund performance evaluation and daily supervision, and harden budget constraints. Improve the incentive and restraint mechanism to support peak carbon dioxide emissions’s carbon-neutral work by linking the budget arrangement of relevant funds with performance results. Adhere to the convergence of capital investment with policy planning and tasks, and strengthen supervision and evaluation of the completion of objectives and tasks. The local regulatory bureaus of the Ministry of Finance shall evaluate the relevant funds supporting carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions, find problems in time, propose improvement measures, and supervise the local authorities to implement rectification measures.

(4) Intensify study and publicity. Financial cadres at all levels should consciously strengthen the study and research on policies and basic knowledge related to carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions, regard the contents related to carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions as an important part of the education and training system for financial cadres, and enhance the ability of financial cadres at all levels to do a good job in carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions. Increase financial support to do a good job in peak carbon dioxide emissions’s carbon-neutral propaganda and popular science work, encourage qualified areas to strengthen ecological civilization propaganda and education in various ways, build a carbon-neutral theme popular science base in peak carbon dioxide emissions, promote the concept of ecological civilization to be more deeply rooted in people’s hearts, and promote the formation of a good atmosphere for green and low-carbon development.

In addition, the relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Finance answered a reporter’s question on the "Opinions on Financial Support to Do a Good Job in Carbon Neutralization in peak carbon dioxide emissions"

In order to implement the major strategic decision of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions, the Ministry of Finance issued the Opinions on Financial Support for Carbon Neutralization in peak carbon dioxide emissions (No.53 [2022] of the Treasury Department, hereinafter referred to as the Opinions). Recently, the relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Finance answered a reporter’s question about the Opinions.

1. Q: What is the background and significance of the Opinions?

A: Achieving carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions is a major strategic decision made by the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, which is related to the sustainable development of the Chinese nation and the building of a community of human destiny. It is the only way for China to promote high-quality development in the new stage of development. As one of the "1+N" policy systems for carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions, Opinions is the top-level design document for the financial department to implement the relevant major decisions and arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, and it is also an important guarantee scheme for carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions. The promulgation of the "Opinions" is conducive to clarifying the work objectives of financial support for carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions, guiding financial cadres at all levels to improve their political positions, unify their thinking and understanding, and work hard to promote their work; It is conducive to guiding financial departments at all levels to clearly support the key directions and areas of carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions, identify the focus points, and accelerate the establishment and improvement of a fiscal and taxation policy system that promotes efficient use of resources and green and low-carbon development; It is conducive to giving full play to the synergy of fiscal funds, taxation, government procurement and other policies, forming a collaborative promotion mechanism in which the financial sector is linked up and down and the financial sector interacts horizontally with other departments, and vigorously promoting the goal of carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions.

2. Q: What are the general framework and main contents of the Opinions?

A: Based on the current stage of development, the Opinions focus on supporting the realization of peak carbon dioxide emissions’s work, and put forward the comprehensive use of financial funds guidance, tax adjustment, diversified investment, government green procurement and other policy measures to do a good job in financial security, including four parts. The first is the overall requirements. This paper mainly expounds the guiding ideology, working principles and main objectives of financial support for carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions. The second is to support key directions and fields. Clearly focus on supporting the construction of a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system, green and low-carbon transformation in key industries, green and low-carbon technological innovation and basic capacity building, green and low-carbon life and resource conservation and utilization, consolidation and improvement of carbon sink capacity, and improvement of green and low-carbon market system. The third is fiscal policy measures. Including strengthening the guiding role of financial funds, improving the market-oriented diversified investment mechanism, giving play to the incentive and restraint role of tax policies, improving the government’s green procurement policy, and strengthening international cooperation in dealing with climate change. The fourth is safeguard measures. Specifically, it includes four aspects: strengthening the implementation of responsibilities, strengthening coordination and cooperation, strict budget management, and increasing learning and publicity.

3. Q: What are the principles of financial support for carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions?

A: The Opinions put forward four principles. First, based on the current situation and focusing on the long term. Focusing on achieving the goal of carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions as scheduled, we should strengthen the connection between financial support policies and the national "14th Five-Year Plan" outline, seize the critical period and window period of peak carbon dioxide emissions’s work during the 14th Five-Year Plan, implement proactive fiscal policies, improve efficiency, pay more attention to accurate and sustainable requirements, and rationally plan financial support for peak carbon dioxide emissions’s carbon neutrality policy system. The second is to adjust measures to local conditions and make overall plans. Local financial departments make overall consideration of local work basis and reality, promote work in a steady and orderly manner, make classified policies, and formulate and implement financial support measures that are both in line with their own reality and meet the overall requirements. Strengthen the overall planning of financial resources and normalize the implementation of the direct mechanism of financial funds. Promote the coordinated efforts of funds, taxation, government procurement and other policies to improve the effectiveness of fiscal policy. The third is result-oriented, rewarding the superior and punishing the inferior. Strengthen budget constraints and performance management, and the central government will give incentives and support to areas that have achieved outstanding results in promoting related work; Appropriately deduct relevant transfer payment funds in areas where the relevant work is not active or the effect is not obvious, and form an incentive and restraint mechanism. The fourth is to strengthen exchanges and smooth internal and external flows. Adhere to the principles of common but differentiated responsibilities, fairness and respective capabilities, strengthen multilateral and bilateral international financial dialogue, exchange and cooperation, coordinate domestic and international resources, promote advanced green and low-carbon technologies and experiences at home and abroad, deeply participate in global climate governance, and actively strive for international resources support.

4. Q: How to ensure the effectiveness of the Opinions?

A: The Ministry of Finance will guide local financial departments to implement the requirements of the Opinions and focus on the following aspects. First, increase publicity and implementation. Guiding local financial departments to unify their thinking and understanding, improve their political stance, and thoroughly study and understand the major strategic decisions of the CPC Central Committee will promote the realization of carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions into the overall financial work at all levels, improve the learning and training content, and promote the formation of a good atmosphere for green and low-carbon development. The second is to strengthen the implementation of responsibilities. Guide the provincial financial departments to improve the working mechanism, study and formulate local financial support to do a good job in carbon-neutral policies and measures in peak carbon dioxide emissions, compact responsibilities at different levels, clarify the division of responsibilities, strengthen supervision and guidance to the financial departments of cities and counties, and the financial departments of cities and counties are responsible for the work in their respective administrative areas and do a good job in the implementation of superior policies. The third is to strengthen coordination and cooperation. We will speed up the establishment and improvement of a collaborative promotion mechanism for the linkage between the financial departments and the horizontal interaction between finance and other departments, and bring the relevant tasks of carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions into the scope of support, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of all parties and form a joint effort. The fourth is to continuously follow up and ask for results. Continuously improve the efficiency of financial resource allocation and the efficiency of financial support for carbon-neutral funds in peak carbon dioxide emissions, strengthen the performance evaluation and daily supervision of budget funds, and harden budget constraints. Adhere to the convergence of capital investment with policy planning and tasks, and strengthen supervision and evaluation of the completion of objectives and tasks.

Q: What measures has the Ministry of Finance taken to support carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions?

A: Under the guidance of the supreme leader’s ecological civilization thought, the Ministry of Finance conscientiously implements the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, constantly innovates and improves the policy system, and comprehensively uses various policy measures such as financial fund guidance, tax adjustment and government green procurement to support the promotion of carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions. First, strengthen financial guarantee and increase support through multiple channels. In 2021, the central government will strengthen the overall planning of resources, optimize the expenditure structure, and arrange about 350 billion yuan to support green and low-carbon development. The allocation of funds will focus on the promotion and application of clean energy, low-carbon transformation in key industries, scientific and technological innovation and capacity building, and the consolidation and upgrading of carbon sink capacity, so as to improve the accuracy of capital policies. The second is to give full play to the incentive and restraint role of tax policies. On the one hand, we will implement tax policies to support environmental protection and green development. Exempt qualified new energy vehicles from vehicle purchase tax and vehicle and vessel tax to guide green and low-carbon travel; Fully implement the reform of ad valorem collection of mineral resources tax and promote the rational development of resources. On the other hand, optimize the tariff structure, reduce tariffs on some environmental products such as diesel engine filter devices, and implement zero tariffs or low tariffs on resource-based products and steel primary products to guide and promote green and low-carbon development. The third is to promote the establishment of a diversified capital investment mechanism. Through the National Green Development Fund, social capital will be driven to support the green development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and market players in the field of green development will be accelerated by financial means to better serve the green transformation of the real economy. Standardize and orderly promote the cooperation between government and social capital in the field of ecological and environmental protection(PPP), give play to the inciting role of financial funds. The fourth is to continuously improve the government’s green procurement policy. Improve the implementation mechanism of government procurement policies for energy-saving and environmentally-friendly products. Energy-saving and environmentally-friendly products that fall within the scope of the item list can enjoy the support of government compulsory procurement and priority procurement policies as long as they pass the relevant national certification. Compacting the green procurement responsibility of purchasers, promoting the application of green procurement demand standards in the fields of construction, express packaging and commodity packaging, and implementing the green procurement policy objectives. Fifth, actively participate in the governance and cooperation of global environmental climate funding mechanism. Constructively participate in the negotiation on the funding issues of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement, defend the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, safeguard the principle of voluntary capital contribution and the rights and interests of developing countries, and create an external environment conducive to achieving the goal of carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions. Strengthen the strategic guidance to the Global Environment Facility and the Green Climate Fund, and actively use the funds of international multilateral and bilateral institutions to help achieve the goal of carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions.

6. Q: What channels does the Ministry of Finance mainly support the development of clean energy? What are the next steps?

A: Supporting the construction of a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system is an important work to promote carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions. The central government attaches great importance to this and has carried out a lot of work, which has achieved remarkable results. The first is to implement the financial subsidy policy for the promotion and application of new energy vehicles. The Ministry of Finance, together with relevant departments, will continue to improve the subsidy policy for the purchase of new energy vehicles, continuously raise the threshold of subsidy technology, reasonably grasp the strength and pace of subsidy standards, and promote the high-quality development of the new energy vehicle industry. In 2021, the sales of new energy vehicles in China reached 3.521 million, a year-on-year increase of 1.6 times, ranking first in the world for seven consecutive years. At the end of 2021, the Ministry of Finance, together with relevant departments, issued a notice, comprehensively considering factors such as the development plan of the new energy vehicle industry, the market sales trend and the smooth transition of enterprises, and clarifying that the purchase subsidy policy for new energy vehicles will be terminated on December 31, 2022. The second is to implement the subsidy policy for renewable energy power generation. Since 2006, the central government has implemented a subsidy policy for renewable energy power generation based on fixed electricity prices, and strived to promote the high-quality leap-forward development of renewable energy. By the end of 2021, the installed capacity of renewable energy power generation in China reached 1.063 billion kilowatts, including 328 million kilowatts of wind power generation, 306 million kilowatts of photovoltaic power generation and 37.98 million kilowatts of biomass power generation. In 2021, the national renewable energy generation capacity reached 2.48 trillion kWh. The third is to encourage the exploitation and utilization of unconventional natural gas. Since shale gas was included in the scope of subsidies in 2012,Domestic unconventional natural gas production has increased steadily for nine consecutive years. Since 2019, unconventional natural gas included in the scope of subsidies includes shale gas, coalbed methane and tight gas. According to the principle of "more subsidies and more subsidies in winter", unconventional natural gas subsidies are based on the results-oriented method of incremental assessment, encouraging local and enterprises to increase gas production. With the support of policies, the actual exploitation and utilization of unconventional natural gas in 2021 will account for more than one third of China’s total natural gas production, which will become an important guarantee for production. The fourth is to promote clean heating in winter in the northern region. In recent years, the central government has allocated special funds for the prevention and control of air pollution to support the clean heating work in the northern region in winter, including 88 cities in five batches, guiding local governments to carry out clean heating renovation and energy-saving renovation of existing buildings according to local conditions, effectively reducing loose coal consumption, promoting the synergy of pollution reduction and carbon reduction, and promoting the green transformation of energy structure.

7. Q: At present, what are the main tax policies to support green and low-carbon development?

A: Since the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan", China has formed a green tax system framework with environmental protection tax, resource tax and farmland occupation tax "multi-tax governance" and systematic tax preferential policies such as value-added tax and enterprise income tax "multi-policy combination". In the current tax system, resources tax, consumption tax, value-added tax, income tax, vehicle purchase tax and vehicle and vessel tax are closely related to ecological environment protection. The policy design not only pays attention to the incentives for ecological protection and innovative development, but also strengthens the constraints on ecological destruction and extensive development. It also actively promotes tax reduction and fee reduction, releases policy dividends, and injects strong impetus into local high-quality development. First, the consumption tax is levied on refined oil to regulate energy consumption in the transportation field. China implemented the reform of refined oil tax and fee in 2009, and then raised the unit tax of refined oil several times. The second is to set the consumption tax rate differently, reduce the car purchase tax and car and boat tax, and guide green and low-carbon travel. According to the principle of "large displacement and more negative tax, small displacement and less negative tax", the applicable tax rate of consumption tax on passenger cars and motorcycles is set; Exempt new energy vehicles from vehicle purchase tax; Travel tax shall be exempted for new energy vehicles and vessels, and halved for energy-saving vehicles. The third is to levy environmental protection tax from 2018 to reduce pollutant emissions. Four kinds of pollutants, such as air pollutants, water pollutants, solid waste and noise, are levied. The emission costs of key energy users and emitters in thermal power, steel, cement, chemical industry and other industries have increased, which has played a positive role in encouraging cleaner production and promoting energy conservation and emission reduction. Fourth, since July 2016, the reform of ad valorem taxation of mineral resources tax has been fully implemented.Promote the conservation and intensive use of resources. Fifth, implement tax incentives related to value-added tax and enterprise income tax, and guide enterprises to replace fossil energy with clean energy and renewable energy. Improve the preferential tax policies for environmental protection, energy saving and water saving, and issue the Catalogue of Preferential Enterprise Income Tax for Environmental Protection, Energy Saving and Water Saving Projects (2021 Edition); Improve the tax policy for comprehensive utilization of resources, and issue the Announcement on Improving the VAT Policy for Comprehensive Utilization of Resources and the Catalogue of Preferential Enterprise Income Tax for Comprehensive Utilization of Resources (2021 Edition).

8. Q: At present, what is the implementation of the government green procurement policy of the Ministry of Finance? What are the next considerations?

A: In recent years, the Ministry of Finance has continuously improved the government’s green procurement policy and promoted state organs, institutions and organizations to actively purchase and use green and low-carbon products. First, increase compulsory procurement and give priority to energy-saving and environmental protection products. Improve the implementation mechanism of government procurement of energy-saving and environmental protection products. Products that fall within the scope of the list of energy-saving and environmental protection government procurement items can enjoy preferential procurement policies as long as they pass the national certification. In 2020, the procurement scale of energy-saving and environmental protection products will account for more than 85% of the government procurement scale of similar products, effectively promoting the development of related industries and playing a positive leading role in social green consumption. The second is to promote the application of green buildings and green building materials. Six cities including Shaoxing were promoted to use green building materials in public buildings such as hospitals and schools, and new construction methods such as assembly and intelligence were used. The amount of projects included in the pilot reached 102.5 billion yuan. The third is to build a standard system of government green procurement demand. In conjunction with the Ministry of Ecology and Environment and the State Post Bureau, the demand standards for express packaging were formulated, and indicators such as heavy metal content in packaging materials were specified from three aspects: green, reduced and recyclable, so as to guide suppliers to use recycled organic and renewable packaging products. Study and formulate government procurement demand standards such as green data center and printing and copying consumables. The fourth is to support the green procurement of key products. To promote the application of new energy vehicles, it is required that confidential communication, law enforcement duty and commuting vehicles with relatively fixed routes purchase new energy vehicles in principle, and guide Hainan Province to try to purchase domestic clean energy vehicles.In the fixed-point procurement scheme of furniture, printing, automobile maintenance and other central budget units, it is clearly required to use low-volatile raw and auxiliary materials to reduce air pollution. In the next step, the Ministry of Finance will accelerate the establishment and improvement of the government procurement demand standard system for green and low-carbon products, and classify and formulate the government procurement demand standards for green buildings and green building materials; Vigorously promote the application of prefabricated buildings and green building materials to promote the improvement of building quality; Strengthen the main responsibility of purchasers, specify the requirements of green and low carbon in government procurement documents, and increase the procurement of green and low carbon products.

9. Q: How does the Ministry of Finance support the R&D and promotion of green and low-carbon technologies and basic capacity building?

A: In supporting scientific and technological innovation. First, support scientific research activities related to green and low-carbon development by supporting the organization and implementation of science and technology plans (special projects, funds, etc.) of the central government, such as supporting the implementation of key national R&D plans such as clean and efficient utilization of coal and new energy-saving technologies, renewable energy and hydrogen energy technologies, new energy vehicles, green buildings and building industrialization, and nuclear safety and advanced nuclear energy technologies during the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan period, so as to upgrade the technologies supporting green and low-carbon development. From 2021, we will support the layout of key projects of the national key R&D plan "Earth System and Global Change (Research and Demonstration of Key Technologies of Carbon Neutralization in peak carbon dioxide emissions)". Second, provide stable support to relevant central scientific research institutes and state key laboratories in the field of green and low-carbon development, support them to improve the basic conditions of scientific research, and independently carry out research. Relevant units can independently carry out research related to green and low-carbon development around the national strategic deployment and the requirements of industry departments. In supporting basic capacity building. Mainly through the budget of relevant departments to support relevant departments to strengthen environmental quality monitoring, environmental monitoring and law enforcement, natural resources management, natural ecological protection and other key work, strengthen the construction of carbon emission statistical accounting and supervision system, carry out carbon monitoring and evaluation pilot, carbon emission statistical accounting and analysis, and at the same time strengthen the basic theory, basic methods and realization path research of carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions.

10. Q: What funds does the Ministry of Finance mainly use to support the consolidation and upgrading of carbon sink capacity, and what is the effect?

A: The central government supports the enhancement of ecological carbon sink capacity of forests, grasslands, wetlands and oceans through central-local transfer payments. First, through key ecological protection and restoration funds, support the integrated protection and restoration project of mountains, rivers, fields, lakes, grass and sand, implement the demonstration project of ecological restoration of abandoned mines left over from history, promote the comprehensive management, systematic management and source management of mountains, rivers, forests, fields and lakes, effectively promote ecological restoration, improve the ecosystem quality of the core areas of key ecological areas such as Qilian Mountain (600720), Loess Plateau and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River as a whole, and expand the ecological space. Second, through the transfer of funds from forestry and grassland, we will further promote large-scale land greening actions, comprehensively protect natural forests, consolidate the achievements of returning farmland to forests and grasslands, support forest resources management and protection and prevention of forest and grassland fires, strengthen grassland ecological restoration and management, and strengthen wetland protection and restoration. China’s forest coverage rate has increased to 23.04%, grassland comprehensive vegetation coverage rate has reached 56.1%, and wetland protection rate has reached 52%. The prevention and control of desertification land has become a global model. Third, through the marine ecological protection and restoration funds, we will promote the "Blue Bay" rectification action, mangrove protection and restoration, and coastal protection and restoration projects as a whole, and enhance the carbon fixation capacity of mangroves, seagrass beds, and Dunaliella salina. Fourth, through agricultural resources and ecological protection subsidy funds, we will implement the third round of grassland ecological protection subsidy and reward policies, accelerate the transformation of the development mode of grass and animal husbandry, promote the steady recovery of grassland ecological environment, promote the protection and utilization of black land in Northeast China, and carry out green planting and recycling agriculture pilot.Promote the comprehensive utilization of crop straw.

　　According to the data of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, in the first quarter of this year, the 12321 Internet Bad and Spam Reporting Acceptance Center received more than 150,000 complaints about harassing calls and text messages. Recently, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has taken decisive measures against all kinds of harassing calls and information chaos.Provisions on Management of Communication Short Message and Voice Call Service (Draft for Comment)Open for comments!

　　I believe everyone has felt this way.

　　Be harassed by different types of spam or phone calls.

　　Unsubscribe It’s useless at all

　　Complaints? Have a poor effect

　　Be overwhelmed but helpless.

　　Now the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has decisively attacked.

　　solicit public opinions

　　Strive to give users a clean cyberspace.

　　Three main points and three barriers to build information security firewall

　　Please check the following points.

　　&darr; &darr; &darr; &darr;

　　Three main points

　　1. Any organization or individualWithout the user’s consent or request, or if the user explicitly refuses, no commercial short message or commercial telephone call shall be sent to him..

　　2. UsersWithout explicit consent, it shall be regarded as rejection..

　　3. UsersAfter agreeing, he explicitly refused to accept it., should stop.

　　It is clearly stipulated that short message service providers send port-type commercial short messages,It should be ensured that the relevant users have agreed or requested to receive it., and keep the user consent certificate for at least five months.

　　Short message service providers shall not change the use of telecommunication network code numbers without authorization., the port used to send business management and service short messages shall not be used to send commercial short messages, and users shall not be restricted from receiving business management or service short messages without justifiable reasons.

　　Three barriers

　　1. SMS and telephone service management platform,Once similar problems are found, actions can be taken against enterprises that have such behaviors, including restricting or suspending their communication functions.

　　2. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology will organize the establishment of a national unified"Call Rejection" platformTo guide relevant organizations or individuals to respect users’ wishes and standardize commercial telephone calls.

　　3. The 12321 Acceptance Center is responsible for the follow-up user complaints and handling procedures.

　　For complaints with complete and accurate information, the 12321 acceptance center shall, after receiving the complaint.3 working daysTransfer it to relevant enterprises for verification and handling. Relevant enterprises shall take timely measures after verification, and15 working daysFeedback to the 12321 acceptance center. After receiving the disposal result, the 12321 acceptance center3 working daysFeedback the processing result to the user.

　　In addition, the Opinions are also correct.Ming Ming knows not to do, but deliberately violated.Enterprises to take administrative fines and other disciplinary measures, including10,000 yuan to 30,000 yuan.Fine,Revocation of telecom business license, and the basic telecommunications business operators and mobile communication resale business operators who shoulder the management responsibility will also bear the consequences of being warned and fined if they turn a blind eye to such behaviors.

　　Spam has been a headache for a long time.

　　Some people may say.

　　Spam and phone calls

　　Why don’t we just ignore it?

　　However, in fact

　　Its harm is far greater than we expected.

　　On the one hand, all kinds of advertising information without nutrition are overwhelming, which "bombs" our mobile phones in turn, seriously disturbing users’ lives. Some users can receive dozens or even hundreds of spam messages a day, which is really annoying. They can only download special shielding software or simply turn off their mobile phones.

　　On the other hand, these junk messages and phone calls are like "cockroaches" in the information age, which are difficult to eradicate and are a headache.

　　Want to get some peace by unsubscribing?

　　Things are far from simple as you think.

　　The "thousand-layer routine" here is unpredictable.

　　Although in general, SMS will set an unsubscribe prompt, such as "Reply &lsquo; TD&rsquo; Or &lsquo; T&rsquo; You can unsubscribe, but most of the time, no matter what the user replies, the advertisement is still issued correctly. The so-called reply unsubscribe is just a decoration.

　　If the harassment of life by spam and telephone calls is only at the entry level, we can also ignore it, and many fraud and criminal short messages mixed with various kinds of information are more hidden and dangerous.

　　Generally speaking, spam that constitutes fraud falls into two categories:One is to use "pseudo base station" to disguise the number as information from official numbers such as banks and operators, which often contains links to embedded Trojan horses and other systems. When users open this connection, their own information is attacked and stolen, thus causing users’ property losses. This kind of junk information is often disguised as recharge or point redemption to lure users to click.

　　The other is junk information with false content information.This kind of information often does not contain phishing links, but its information content itself is confusing. This kind of information often involves recruitment or investment information, and seeks illegal benefits by luring users to participate in recruitment or investment.

　　For example, in August this year, the Intermediate People’s Court of Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province sentenced a serious online fraud case. Criminal suspects cheat all over the country by publishing false recruitment information of part-time employees in Tik Tok and collecting part-time membership fees. The amount of fraud reached 316 million, with nearly 2 million victims.

　　The above examples are just the tip of the iceberg of online fraud cases caused by false information on the Internet, but in China, this form of fraud causes great economic and social harm every year.

　　According to the data of the Ministry of Public Security, as of November 2019, 118,000 cases of telecommunication network fraud were cracked nationwide, up 62.7% year-on-year; 99,000 suspects were arrested, up 135.6% year-on-year. Because of the low cost and wide spread of crime, online fraud with false information and information as the carrier has become a major social cancer that must be severely cracked down in today’s society.

　　This also makes it more necessary for the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology to strike hard.

　　The world has suffered for a long time, but why is it always forbidden?

　　In fact, the 12321 website that can report spam has already been established, but this kind of chaos has always existed. The main reasons are as follows.

　　One is the silence of some audiences.

　　Faced with the harassment of spam and telephone calls, many audiences choose to make peace, endure harassment silently, or use software to block keywords. This connived at the further development of chaos to a certain extent.

　　Second, the illegal cost is too low.

　　Even if the audience can’t bear to choose to report and succeed, the most serious punishment for waiting for the spam manufacturer is that the company is cancelled. All the company owners need to change their names and surnames and re-register to return to their old jobs.

　　Third, the use of SMS is convenient and there is no threshold.

　　Because the sender of short messages does not need to establish a friend relationship with the receiver, they can send them as long as they have the number, which provides great convenience for the wide use of short messages.

　　However, the binding of various banking and social security information can only be notified by SMS, which provides a broad use space for SMS. The binding with similar institutions also provides some deception for false information.

　　Design should be able to test the determination and wisdom of law enforcers.

　　After the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology released the relevant opinion draft,

　　There was a heated discussion on the Internet.

　　Some people spit out the life that is plagued by spam.

　　Some people also called for the relevant regulations to land as soon as possible.

　　As can be seen from the comments of netizens,

　　The treatment of spam has reached the moment when we must strike hard.

　　But it should be noted that

　　Is the system design reasonable and rigorous?

　　It is only a condition for achieving results.

　　prior

　　How to completely cut off the whole interest chain?

　　Only by thoroughly disintegrating the interest soil where junk information breeds.

　　The chaos of spam flooding can be effectively cured.

　　Cctv news(Reporter Xu Hui): On August 31st, Shijiazhuang Municipal Market Supervision Administration announced five typical cases of price violation during the epidemic.

　　Since the outbreak of the epidemic, Shijiazhuang Municipal Market Supervision Administration has closely focused on the daily necessities such as grain, oil, meat, eggs, milk and vegetables, which are closely related to people’s daily lives, strengthened price supervision, issued the Notice on Regulating Price Behavior during the Prevention and Control of the Epidemic, set up a special inspection team, and quickly investigated and dealt with 43 price violations such as price gouging and unmarked pricing, and continued to maintain the high-pressure situation of cracking down on the key areas and fully safeguarding market order.

　　Case 1: Shijiazhuang qiaoxi district Hebei Shuilucky chance Trading Co., Ltd. was suspected of price fraud.

　　On August 28, 2022, Hebei Shuilucky chance Trading Co., Ltd. (Vegetable Zone 2 of qiaoxi district Vegetable Wholesale Market) sold cabbage dishes with the marked price inconsistent with the sales price. The price bulletin board was 0.8 yuan/kg. After verification, the actual sales price was 1.2 yuan/kg, and the parties involved were suspected of price fraud. On 28th, qiaoxi district Municipal Market Supervision Administration filed a case, which is currently under investigation and disposal. According to Articles 14 and 41 of People’s Republic of China (PRC) Price Law and Articles 7 and 16 of Provisions on Administrative Penalties for Price Violations, it was ordered to make corrections, refund the overcharged price within a time limit, confiscate the illegal income, and impose a fine of 20,000 yuan.

　　Case 2: Yichengcheng Food Store in qiaoxi district, Shijiazhuang City is suspected of driving up prices.

　　On August 27th, 2022, Yichengcheng Food Store in qiaoxi district, Shijiazhuang City (Area E, Dongshen Dongli Market, No.77 Weiming South Street) sold vegetable 78 yuan/serving (weighing 4,000g) and pork/serving (weighing 1,500g) at a price significantly higher than that on August 24th, which pushed up the prices of vegetables and meat, and the parties involved were suspected of driving up prices. On the 27th, qiaoxi district Municipal Bureau of Market Supervision filed a case, which is currently under investigation and disposal. According to Articles 14 and 41 of People’s Republic of China (PRC) Price Law and Articles 6 and 16 of Provisions on Administrative Penalties for Price Violations, it was ordered to make corrections, refund the overcharged price within a time limit, confiscate the illegal income, and impose a fine of 20,000 yuan.

　　Case 3: qiaoxi district Wu Mou British Vegetable Store in Shijiazhuang City is suspected of driving up prices.

　　On August 26th, 2022, qiaoxi district Wu Mou Ying Vegetable Store (Huarong Market, No.9 Dongma Road) in Shijiazhuang sold zucchini (2.6 yuan/kg, 3.5 yuan/kg) and celery (2.6 yuan/kg, 3.5 yuan/kg), and the prices were significantly higher than those on August 24th, which pushed the vegetable prices up too high. On 26th, qiaoxi district Municipal Bureau of Market Supervision filed a case on suspicion of price gouging, which is under investigation and disposal. According to Articles 14 and 41 of the Price Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) and Articles 6 and 16 of the Provisions on Administrative Penalties for Price Violations, it was ordered to make corrections, refund the overcharged price within a time limit, confiscate the illegal income and impose a fine on 200 yuan.

　　Case 4: Wei Mou, a comprehensive market in White, Yuhua District, Shijiazhuang City, was suspected of operating vegetables without clear price tag.

　　On August 28, 2022, the vegetables sold by Wei in the White Comprehensive Market in Yuhua District were not clearly marked, which was suspected of violating the relevant provisions of the Price Law. On the 28th, Yuhua District Market Supervision Administration has filed a case, which is currently under investigation and disposal. According to Article 13 of the Price Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) and Article 13 of the Provisions on Administrative Penalties for Price Violations, it is ordered to make corrections, and it is planned to confiscate the illegal income and impose a fine on 1000 yuan.

　　Case 5: The case of "fresh vegetables with peace of mind" in Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang City was suspected of driving up prices.

　　On August 29th, 2022, Meituan APP’s "Fresh Vegetables" store was suspected of driving up prices to sell vegetables and operating prepackaged foods without permission, which was suspected of violating the relevant provisions of the Price Law and the Food Safety Law. On the 29th, Xinhua District Market Supervision Administration has filed a case, and the store has been ordered to suspend business for rectification, and the follow-up handling of the case is under further investigation.

　　In the next step, Shijiazhuang Municipal Market Supervision Administration will earnestly perform its duties and responsibilities, continue to strengthen inspection and supervision, focus on the illegal prices of daily necessities, protective products and disinfection products, and comprehensively strengthen the work of epidemic prevention and control in the field of market supervision to maintain market order stability and protect the legitimate rights and interests of consumers.

Three major US stock indexes overnightMixed up and down,S&P 500 indexIt rose by 0.12% to 4508.24 points.Nasdaq composite indexIt rose by 0.07% to 14,113.67 points.Dow Jones industrial averageIt fell by 0.13% to 34,945.47 points.

Among the US stocks overnight,A total of 81 Chinese stocks rose and 177 Chinese stocks fell..

Popular Chinese stocksAmong them, Alibaba fell by 9.14%, Pinduoduo by 1.20%, Netease by 2.37%, JD.COM by 1.78%, Baidu by 3.15%, New Oriental by 1.73%, Billy by 7.63% and Iqiyi by 4.19%.

New forces of building carsAll fell, LI fell by 4.10%, Weilai fell by 6.80% and Xpeng Motors fell by 6.67%.

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　　Hangzhou, 13 April (Reporter Liu Leping) On the morning of the 13th, the Standing Committee of the Provincial Party Committee held a meeting to further study and implement the spirit of the important speech delivered by General Secretary of the Supreme Leader at the ninth meeting of the Central Financial and Economic Committee, deepen the research and deployment, strengthen the supervision of the platform economy, and promote the healthy and sustainable development of the platform economy.

　　Yuan Jiajun, secretary of the provincial party committee, presided over.

　　The meeting pointed out that since the Central Economic Work Conference last year, the General Secretary has published a series of important expositions on promoting the standardized, healthy and sustainable development of the platform economy, especially at the ninth meeting of the Central Financial and Economic Committee, which pointed out the way forward and provided fundamental follow-up for the better development of the platform economy in the new development stage. We should thoroughly understand the spirit of the General Secretary’s important speech, resolutely unify our thoughts and actions with the spirit of the General Secretary’s important speech, further improve our political stance, strengthen our political responsibility, resolutely implement the major decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on promoting the healthy and sustainable development of the platform economy, and resolutely achieve the "two safeguards" with practical actions.

　　The meeting stressed that it is necessary to comprehensively and accurately understand and grasp the spiritual essence and core essence of the series of important expositions of the General Secretary on promoting the healthy and sustainable development of the platform economy, and firmly grasp the correct direction of promoting the healthy and sustainable development of the platform economy. We should profoundly grasp the increasingly prominent position and role of platform economy from the overall situation of China’s economic and social development, and fully understand that platform economy is an important aspect of improving China’s international economic competitiveness and influence; Grasp the overall considerations, working principles and key tasks of the healthy and sustainable development of platform economy norms from the strategic height of building a new competitive advantage of the country, adhere to the correct political direction, pay equal attention to development and norms, focus on the long-term, take into account the current situation, fill shortcomings, strengthen weaknesses, establish and improve the platform economy governance system, strive to create an innovative environment, and strive to solve outstanding contradictions and problems.

　　The meeting fully affirmed that since last year, our province has issued 20 regulations on platform economy, launched "Zhejiang Fair Online", and the rectification work of enterprises has been promoted in an orderly manner, emphasizing the need to do a good job in rectification and implementation, further strengthen coordination, urge and guide Alibaba and Ant Group to comprehensively rectify, compact the main responsibility of enterprises for rectification, and ensure that rectification tasks are completed on time and with high quality. It is necessary to do a solid job in stabilizing social expectations and market expectations, comprehensively promote platform enterprises in the province to enhance compliance awareness, strengthen compliance management, improve the compliance system, achieve standardized development, and effectively protect the rights and interests of platform market entities.

　　The meeting emphasized that the standardized development of the platform economy is a milestone and a major opportunity to enhance competitiveness and move towards high quality. We should continue to be in the forefront and set a good example in promoting fair competition in platform economy, regulatory innovation and enterprise competitiveness as a whole, and make new contributions to the overall development of the country. We must firmly shoulder the mission of "important window", adhere to the correct political direction, pay equal attention to development and standardization, adhere to the "two unwavering", adhere to the guidance of digital reform, build a dynamic and innovative institutional environment, establish and improve the platform economy governance system, coordinate development and safety, and comprehensively enhance the competitiveness of platform economy innovation. We will take the lead in building rules and regulations, comprehensively strengthening the key technologies at the bottom, guiding platform enterprises to better serve the real economy and the entrepreneurial innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises, building "industrial brain+future factory" and "urban brain+future community", promoting the healthy and sustainable development of financial technology norms, comprehensively strengthening and innovating platform economic supervision and improving the intelligent supervision mechanism of the whole chain, and promoting the platform economy to better serve the overall situation of the country, the leading province of socialist modernization and the demonstration zone of common prosperity with high quality development, and better serve.