Many friends play billiards, which come and go: black 8, 9 balls and snooker, and some small towns and places also play poker. In fact, billiards is more than that. There are many other ways to play it. Generally, we are familiar with fancy, open and so on, but fancy games are generally high-end and difficult to control, so few people play and play it well. Today, Macey introduces the most complete billiards game and detailed rules. Interested friends can try it with 35 confidants on weekends!

Category introduction:

The classification of billiards is inconclusive. According to the equipment used (table and ball), rules and historical origins, it is divided into the following five categories:

1. Opening: There is no pocket on the table. The purpose of hitting the ball is to make the cue ball hit the cue ball or the edge of the table in various prescribed ways and times. Its playing methods include four-ball competition, three-ball competition, free ball, obstacle line and three stars.

2. Fancy billiards (also known as American billiards): The table has six pockets, and the purpose of hitting the ball is to make the ball fall into the pocket. Because of the use of colored balls (flower balls) marked with numbers, it is called "Fancy billiards". There are 14-1, 8 balls, 9 balls and 10 balls.

3. Snooker and English billiards: The table also has six pockets, and the purpose of hitting the ball is to make the ball fall into the pocket, but the rules are different. Compared with fancy billiards, its tabletop is larger, the ball and pocket are smaller, and the difficulty of scoring is higher. Snooker uses fifteen red balls, six colored balls with different colors and a white cue ball; English billiards only uses white, red and Huang San balls.

4. Russian billiards: The size of the table is similar to that of snooker, but the ball is larger and the pocket is smaller, which makes it the most difficult to score. Use fifteen white numbered cue balls and one red cue ball, and there are liberal, mixed and dynamic ways to play.

5. Bottle billiards: A number of small bottles similar in shape to bowling pins are placed in the center of the table. The purpose of hitting the ball is to knock down a sufficient number of small bottles. The more popular Italian bottle billiards use the open table without pockets, while the Danish bottle billiards use the fancy table with six pockets. According to the number of bottles used, it is divided into two ways: 5 bottles and 9 bottles.

Detailed introduction:

Fold and edit this paragraph of fancy billiards

The table used in fancy billiards has six pockets, and the purpose of impact is to make the colored balls fall into the pockets. Because of the use of colored balls (flower balls) marked with numbers, it is called "fancy billiards" There are 14-1, 8-ball, 9-ball, 10-ball, bag ball and turn ball.

Fancy billiards 14-1 is a fancy billiards game using white cue balls and 15 numbered balls. Before each stroke, you must specify the number of the ball and the pocket. If the ball hits the pocket successfully, you can score and continue to hit the ball. Otherwise, the opponent will hit the ball. Before the start, 15 sub-balls were closely arranged in the triangular frame line on one side of the table, and the center of the front sub-ball just fell on the foot point. If you don’t score at the kick-off, you must let at least two balls touch the edge of the table, otherwise it will be a foul and the points will be deducted.

When the sub-balls on the table are bagged one by one and only one ball remains, a game is completed. At this time, we must pick up the 14 sub-balls in the bag and re-arrange them in the triangular frame line. Except for the position of the front foot, the other balls are still closely arranged, forming the so-called inter-game kick-off.

14-1 Usually, the target score is agreed in advance, one point is scored when a goal is scored, and the winner is the one who reaches the target first. The goal of formal competition is usually set to 100 points, while that of professional competition is 150 points. 14-1 is popular in the United States, Europe, the Philippines, Japan and Taiwan Province, and it was a very common billiards game before the prosperity of 9-ball and 8-ball.

Fold 8 balls

At the beginning of the 8-ball game, the sub-ball is placed in the triangular frame, the bottom of the triangular frame is parallel to the foot star (the short side of the table), and the front and rear positions are subject to the ball at the front end corresponding to the foot point. When arranging the sub-balls, push the first ball forward from the back end of the ball pile, so that the sub-balls are closely connected. According to the world standard rules, the No.8 ball must be placed in the middle position, and the sub-balls in the lower left corner and the lower right corner must be a big flower and a small flower (please see the picture above). The cue ball can be placed in the tee area according to the requirements of the players.

The player who has the right to kick off the ball pile first. If the kick-off is fouled (less than four balls hit the edge of a star or no ball enters the bag), the opponent can ask to kick off again and become the kickoff, or continue the game in the current situation. If there is a pocket after the kick-off, the tee can continue to serve, and the game is still in an "open" state (meaning that the tee is free to choose whether to play big flowers or small flowers). If the tee shot doesn’t get the ball into the bag for the second time, the game is still "open" until a ball falls into the bag.

After one player fouls or fails to get the ball into the bag, he stops the shot and is replaced by the other player. The game is played in this way. After the foul, the player who goes out next has a chance to free the ball and put it anywhere on the table.

On the first shot after kick-off, if a player scores a big flower ball, he can only score a big flower ball into the bag in the future, and the other player plays a small flower ball. Once a player has bagged all his balls, he needs to put the No.8 ball into his designated bag to win eloquently. If he enters the wrong bag or fouls the shot, he loses the authority, otherwise his right to shoot ends.

After scoring all your own balls (big flowers or small flowers), if you don’t violate the rules, hitting the No.8 ball into the pocket is the winner.

Fold 9 balls

Volleyball is arranged in a diamond shape, with No.1 at the front end, No.9 in the middle, and others placed casually.

Whoever scores No.9 wins, but the cue ball must touch the ball with the smallest number first, which means you can eat slowly from No.1 to No.9, or you can indirectly score No.9, both of which are legal. If you score on the 9 th as soon as you kick off, it will be considered a victory. Incidentally, when kicking off, the cue ball must touch No.1 first.

In case of foul, the opponent has a free ball, and the opponent can put the cue ball in any position on the table. If he fouls three times in a row, he will lose the game directly.

You don’t have to pick up the foul ball, except for No.9, you should pick it up and put it on your leg.

In general, the winner usually kicks off or takes turns to kick off.

After the kick-off, there are often other sub-balls between the cue ball and the ball with the smallest number, which prevents the cue ball from hitting the target ball directly. Therefore, in order to reduce the luck factor, the first shot after a tee shot can be a push-out ("putter"), which must be declared in advance. The so-called push-out means that the cue ball can be pushed to any position without being restricted by the rule of hitting the ball with the smallest number first. You can score the ball if you want (but pick it up on the 9th). If the cue ball falls into the bag, it is considered a foul, and the opponent can choose to play or not. The general strategy is to put the cue ball in one position and touch the target ball, but it can’t be directly put into the bag. If the target ball can’t be hit after the kick-off, the players usually push out, and then the two sides enter the defensive battle.

However, in a few competitions, in order to reduce the luck factor, the rule of winning directly by kicking off on the 9 th will be cancelled, but the kick-off on the 9 th must be picked up. It is also possible to require that the mouth of the bag must be specified in advance when attacking No.9.

Fold 10 balls

10-ball is a new project developed from 9-ball, and the playing method is basically similar to 9-ball, with the main differences as follows:

1. Volleyball is arranged in a triangle, with the No.1 ball at the front end and the No.10 ball in the middle of the triangle, and the positions of other balls are not limited.

2. Before hitting the ball, you must specify the ball and the designated bag.

3. Whoever scores the 10th goal wins.

Because there is one more ball, the probability of directly scoring the 10th ball at tee time is very small, and the ball and bag must be specified first, so the difficulty is much higher than that of the 9-ball competition, which is a new project with great development potential.

Folding Chinese 8-ball

A billiards game mainly popular in China. At first, it was only popular among the people, and it was called "Chinese Eight Balls", "Black Eight" or "Sixteen Colors". Later, it was recognized by the Chinese billiards association and held an official competition. On March 15th, 2012, the Small Ball Sports Management Center of the State Sports General Administration of China was renamed as "Chinese Billiards" because of the confusion in the name of "8-ball" in China. On June 13th, 2014, China Billiards Association renamed this billiards style again and changed it to "China Pool".

Because the name of "Chinese Billiards" is too general and changes frequently, people still agree to call the sport "Chinese Eight Ball".

The title of "Chinese Eight Ball" began with the predecessor of "Qiao’s Cup" Chinese Eight-Ball International Masters Competition -2006 "Qiao’s Cup" Chinese Eight-Ball Ranking Competition.

Fold 235

235 is a game invented by Taiwan Province players themselves. Use cue ball, No.1 ball (yellow), No.3 ball (red) and No.11 ball (red) in fancy billiards.

The simple rules are as follows:

1. The cue ball must first touch a yellow ball and a red ball, which is called 2 points.

2. After that, touch two red balls, which is called 3 points.

3, finally touch all the balls (two red and one yellow), which is called 5 points.

Every time you complete a 2-3-5 cycle, you get one point, and then continue to the next cycle.

Although 235 is not a formal competition event, it is of great help to improve the fineness of cue ball, so many professional players often use 235 as a practice event.

Fold and edit this paragraph of English billiards

English Billiards is a kind of snooker with the concept of Kailun billiards. It uses a white cue ball, a yellow cue ball and a red cue ball. It is mainly popular in Britain and Southeast Asian countries. Since the Asian Games in 1998, it has also become an official event of the Games.

The scoring methods of English billiards are:

1. The cue ball collides with another cue ball and the red ball successively, regardless of the order: 2 points.

2. The cue ball hits the red ball and makes it into the bag: 3 points.

3. The cue ball collides with another cue ball and makes it into the bag: 2 points.

4. The cue ball goes into the bag itself after hitting his ball: hit the red ball for 3 points first; First billiards another cue ball or hit the red ball and another cue ball at the same time, score 2 points.

Fold and edit this paragraph of Russian billiards

Russian billiards is also a kind of snooker, which uses red cue balls and 15 white numbered balls. The ball is bigger and the pocket is smaller, which is the most difficult to score in all billiards sports families. It is mainly popular in the countries of the former Soviet Union and Finland.

There are many different ways to play Russian billiards, among which three kinds of competition systems are liberal, mixed and dynamic. No matter what kind of competition system is mentioned above, 15 numbered balls are arranged in a triangular box before the start of the competition. The kicker hits the cue ball placed on the service line, causing it to break the number ball pile.

No matter whether the batter scores the cue ball or the sub-ball, it counts as a score and can continue to hit the ball; Otherwise, the opponent will hit the ball. A game is won by the first player to score 8 goals, and a regular game is usually set to grab more than 7 games.

In the liberal competition system, the free kick can be used as the cue ball after kick-off, and the rest are the sub-balls. In the mixed and dynamic match system, red is the only cue ball, so after the red ball is put into the bag, it must be picked up and put back on the table, and a white ball on the table will be removed by the scorer. The difference between the two competition systems is that: the mixed team must put the cue ball back in the service court, and the next ball can only be scored if it enters the middle pocket and the far bottom pocket; The dynamic pie can put the cue ball back at any position on the table, but the next cue ball is not counted as a score.

Fold and edit this paragraph of Kailun billiards

Kailun is a billiards sport with no pockets on the table. There are many kinds of competitions in Kailun billiards, the common point of which is to hit the cue ball with a cue stick to make it roll on the billiard table and hit other balls in order to score points for a specific purpose. It is mainly popular in European countries and Japan and South Korea in Asia.

In the early days, there were four-ball competitions and three-ball competitions. Later, because of the invention of the "Saili" collision method, the three balls continued to concentrate in a small range and kept hitting scores, which created amazing high scores and lost the significance of the competition. In order to save Kailun billiards, various reform schemes came into being: one is to limit the number of shots in certain areas, such as free balls and various obstacle lines; The other is to require the cue ball or the cue ball to collide with the edge of the table (Cushion, transliteration of "star") to increase the difficulty, such as one star and the three most valued stars at present.

Folding free ball

Free ball is a common way of opening billiards competition, which uses one red ball, one yellow ball and one white ball. Both the white ball and the yellow ball are cue balls, and each side chooses one as its own cue ball. Slant lines are drawn at the four corners of the desktop, which form four triangle forbidden zones with the table edge.

The basic scoring method of free-kick competition is the same as other open billiards, which must hit the cue ball and hit the other two balls. However, in the same round of hitting, players can play sherry all the time on the table except the specific corner of the restricted area until they reach the specified score.

Free ball is the official event of the 1998 Asian Games and the 2002 Asian Games.

Fold three stars

The three-star competition uses a red ball, a yellow ball and a white ball. Both the white ball and the yellow ball are cue balls, and each side chooses one as its own cue ball. After hitting the ball, the cue ball must touch two balls, and before touching the second ball, the cue ball must touch the edge of the table at least three times.

For example:

The cue ball hits a daughter ball, goes around three stars, and then hits the second ball.

The cue ball goes around three stars and then hits two daughter balls.

The cue ball goes around one star, then around two stars and then hits the second ball.

The cue ball goes around two stars, then around one star and then hits the second ball.

Three Stars is a highly technical competition, and it is the official event of the 1998 Asian Games and the 2006 Asian Games.

Fold and edit this paragraph of bottle billiards

Bottle billiards is to put several small bottles in the center of the table, and the purpose of hitting the ball is to knock down a sufficient number of small bottles. The more popular Italian bottle billiards use the open table without pockets, while the Danish bottle billiards use the fancy table with six pockets. According to the number of bottles used, it is divided into two ways: 5 bottles and 9 bottles.

The most popular five-bottle competition is to use the open table without a pocket, which is a mainstream billiards sport in Italy and Argentina, and is also popular in Europe and Latin America.

Fold and edit this paragraph of snooker billiards

Snooker, also known as English billiards in Hong Kong, is also a kind of snooker, but because of its long history and unique status, it is generally classified as a separate category. The standard game table is 12 feet long and 6 feet wide. The balls used include 1 white cue ball, 15 red balls and 6 colored balls. If a red ball is hit and bagged, score 1 point, and the scores of colored balls bagged are yellow (2), green (3), brown (4), blue (5), pink (6) and black (7) in turn.

Before the start of the game, 15 red balls were closely arranged in the triangle frame line area, black balls were placed at the bottom foot point of the triangle frame line, pink balls were placed at the top foot point of the triangle frame line, blue balls were placed at the middle point, and yellow balls, brown balls and green balls were placed on the right, middle and left sides of the service line respectively. The kicker can put the white cue ball in any position in the semi-circular service area, and should hit the cue ball when kicking off, so that it will knock off the red ball pile. At the beginning, the goal-scoring sequence is one red ball first, and then one color ball. The red ball is not retrieved, but the color ball is retrieved and placed in the initial position before tee-off. When the last red ball falls into the bag and the next colored ball is played, the ball should be hit into the bag one by one in the order of yellow, green, brown, blue, pink and black, and it will not be retrieved. At the end, the one with the higher score will win.

Snooker is popular in Britain, Ireland, Canada, Malaysia, Australia, India and other Commonwealth countries as well as Hongkong, and was once popular in Taiwan Province. In recent ten years, snooker has been popularized in East Asia. At present, excellent players have emerged in Thailand and China.

If the above scoring methods occur at the same time, they can be combined.

Folding table

Snooker table specifications:

1. The competition area of the inner edge of the standard table is 3569mm x 1778mm, and the error of (11ft8 1/2in x 5ft10in) shall not exceed plus or minus 13mm (plus or minus 1/2in).

2. The height of the table is 851mm to 876mm (from the floor to the edge of the table frame 2tf9 1/2 inch to 2ft101/2 inch).

3. Width of pocket mouth:

(1) There is a ball bag around the table (two are called top bags at one end of the ball placement point and two are called bottom bags at one end of the penalty area); In addition, there is a pocket in the center of the two long sides of the table (called the middle pocket).

(2) The width of the bag mouth shall conform to the specifications set by the World Professional Billiards Association and the Snooker Federation (WPBSA) (the nearest distance is 85.0mm).

4. Kick-off Line and Bottom Zone:

737mm(29in) from the inner edge of the bottom bank and drawing a straight line parallel to the bottom bank is called the tee line; The area between the tee line and the bottom bank is the bottom area.

5. Kick-off area (D area):

In area D, a semicircle with the center of the tee line as the center and the radius of 292mm(11 1/2in) is the tee area.

6. Place the ball:

(1) There are four ball placing points on the table located on the longitudinal centerline, among which:

A) Black ball point: the vertical distance from the top bank is 324mm(12 3/4in).

B) Blue ball point: the center of the table.

C) Pink ball point: the center point of the connecting line between the top bank and the blue ball point.

D) Brown ball point: the center point of the tee line.

Seen from one side of the tee area, the right intersection of the D area and the tee area is the yellow ball point; The intersection on the left is the green ball point.

Folding ball

All balls are made of high-quality materials, with a diameter of 52.5mm and a tolerance of plus or minus 0.05 mm. At the same time:

1. All balls must have the same weight, and the tolerance of each pair of balls should be within the range of plus or minus 3g.

2. Changing a ball or a pair of balls shall be agreed by both players or decided by the referee.

3. Clubs: The clubs used in the competition shall not be shorter than 914mm(3ft), and the appearance and structure of the clubs shall not be significantly different from the traditional and widely recognized forms.

4. Auxiliary equipment: When the athlete is in a position that is not conducive to transporting the pole, he can use various equipment such as frame pole, long pole, extension pole and connecting pipe. These instruments can be the original configuration of table tennis, or they can be brought by athletes or provided by referees. All instruments must be manufactured according to the design parameters provided by WPBSA.

Folding competition

Snooker matches are played by two or more people alone or on different sides. Can be summarized as follows:

1. During the competition, players hit the target ball with the same cue ball. There are 21 target balls, including: 15 red balls with one point each; Yellow ball 2 points; Green ball 3 points; Brown ball 4 points; Blue ball 5 points; Pink ball 6 points; Black ball 7 points;

2. Athletes’ standard batting sequence: alternately drop red balls and colored balls into the bag until all the red balls leave the stage, and then all the colored balls leave the stage in descending order.

3. The score of each bagged live ball within one shot is recorded in the scoring record of the batter;

4. The penalty score of a player for foul should be added to the opponent’s score record;

5. The basic tactic of snooker competition is to try to leave the cue ball where your opponent has no live ball to play. That is, to make obstacles for your opponent. If one player lags behind his opponent by many points, it becomes a very important scoring method to make obstacles and let his opponent be punished.

6. The winner of a set should be an athlete or a party:

(1) Get the highest score.

(2) The opponent of the set admits defeat, or the opponent is punished for "unconscious saving the ball" and "improper behavior".

7. The winner of a game should be an athlete or a party:

(1) Win all or necessary sets of the game.

(2) win the most total score and the corresponding cumulative score.

(3) The opponent was fined for "improper behavior" in this bureau.

8. The winner of a match wins the most games or the cumulative score corresponding to the most total score for the athlete or one side.

9, the ball placement:

(1) Before the start of the game, the main ball is the handball, and other target balls are placed as follows:

A) Fifteen red balls are placed in the red ball area in an equilateral triangle; The red ball at the top of the tripod is located at the center line of the table, and it is as close as possible to the pink ball, but it must not be attached; The bottom line of the tripod is parallel to the top bank.

B) The yellow ball is placed on the right side of Zone D, the green ball is placed on the left side of Zone D, the brown ball is placed at the midpoint of the tee line, the blue ball is placed at the center placement point, the pink ball is placed at the apex of the tripod, and the black ball is placed at the placement point.

(2) After the game starts, only the referee can wipe the ball at the reasonable request of the batter, and:

A) If the ball is not at the ball placement point, before the ball is picked up, the position of the ball shall be marked with a locator;

B) The locator used to mark the position of the wiped ball will be treated as the ball, and the score of the ball will be obtained until the ball is wiped and put back in its original position. If any player other than the batsman touches or disturbs the locator, he will be punished as a batsman, and the game order will not be affected. If necessary, the referee can also put the locator or the ball that has been wiped back to his recognized position, even if the ball has been picked up.

10. Competition mode:

Before the start of the competition, the participating parties should draw lots or agree with each other to determine the order of the competition.

(1) Once the game order is decided, the hitting order in each set shall not be changed. Unless one side commits a foul and the other side asks him to continue hitting the ball.

(2) Each set in a game shall be kicked off by the participating parties in turn.

(3) The first player should kick off the ball from his hand, when the leather head of his club touches the main ball, or:

A) Completed a stroke;

B) moving the cue ball by one position;

(4) In order to make a good shot, there must be no violation of punishment.

(5) Take the red ball (or designated free ball) as the live ball at the first stroke of each round until all the red balls leave the stage. The score of each bagged live ball within one stroke shall be recorded in the scoring record. The score of each red ball and any free ball designated as a red ball in the same stroke shall be recorded in the scoring record.

(6) If a red ball or a free ball designated as a red ball is hit into the bag, the player can continue to hit the next ball, and the next live ball should be a colored ball selected by the player. If the colored ball is hit into the bag, it can be scored. Then put the colored ball back to the ball placement point.

(7) When all the red balls leave the stage, hit the red balls and colored balls into the bag alternately in turn, so as to continue with one stroke. Until the last red ball on the table is shot down, a colored ball is also hit into the bag, and the one-shot ball can continue.

(8) After all the red balls leave the table, the colored balls on the table will become live balls in turn according to the score from small to large. After the next colored ball is put into the bag (except in special circumstances), it will stay outside the table and will not be taken out. Then, the batter hits the next colored ball.

(9) The red ball will not be put back on the table after falling into the bag or out of bounds, even if the player benefits from the foul, it will not be considered, but there are some special exceptions.

(10) If the batter doesn’t score or foul at the first stroke, his round of hitting is over. The opponent started hitting the ball from where the cue ball stopped. If the cue ball is out of bounds, the cue ball becomes the hand ball.

11, plate, bureau, the end of the field:

(1) When only the black ball is left on the table, the black ball will be bagged or fouled, unless the following two situations occur at the same time:

A) At this time, the scores of both sides are the same;

B) The score at this time will not affect the final result of the game (in the case of negative cumulative score).

(2) When the above two situations occur, then:

A) the black ball is placed on the ball placement point;

B) The player decides the batting order at coin toss;

C) The player who has the right to kick off kicks off from his hands;

D) Hit the ball into the bag or foul, which leads to the end of the set.

(3) If a game is won or lost by cumulative points, when all parties score the same at the end of the game, the black ball should be repositioned according to the above steps.

12. Kick-off from the hand:

Kick-off from one’s own hands must be placed on the line of the kick-off area (D area) or at any position within the line, and the main ball can be hit in any direction:

(1) If asked, the referee shall explain whether the cue ball is placed correctly;

(2) When placing the cue ball, the player needs to touch the cue ball with the leather head to help locate it. When the referee confirms that the batter is not trying to hit the ball once, the cue ball is not an in-game ball.

13, double click:

In the first collision of the main ball, you must not hit two balls at the same time unless they are two red balls, or a live ball and a free ball.

14. Placement of colored balls: Any colored balls that have been bagged or out of bounds should be placed at the ball placement point before the next stroke.

(1) Because the referee failed to place the colored balls correctly, the athletes are not responsible.

(2) When all the red balls have been cleared, a colored ball will be hit into the bag in increasing order. If it is wrongly set, once the error is found, the colored ball should be moved back to the correct position from the table without penalty, and the game should continue.

(3) For one or some balls that have been wrongly positioned, once they are hit, they will be treated as correctly positioned balls in the subsequent hitting process, and any colored balls that leave the table abnormally will be repositioned, and:

A) If the misplacement of colored balls is found to be caused by negligence in original placement, no penalty will be given.

B) If the batter hits the ball before the referee places it incorrectly, he shall be punished according to the regulations.

(4) When a colored ball needs to be placed and its placement point is occupied, this colored ball should be placed at the placement point where the ball can be placed with the highest score.

(5) If more than one colored ball needs to be placed and their placement points are all occupied, the colored ball with high score should be placed first.

(6) If all ball placement points are occupied, the area between the ball placement point and the top bank is occupied, and the ball can be placed at the position closest to the ball placement point on the longitudinal center line of the table.

(7) In all the above cases, when the colored ball is set, it is not allowed to stick to other balls.

(8) If you want to place a colored ball correctly, you need to place it by hand according to the placement point determined in these Rules.

15, stick the ball:

(1) If the cue ball sticks to one or more live balls, or balls that may become live balls, the referee shall announce the stick and indicate which ball or balls the cue ball sticks to.

(2) When the stick ball is recognized, the batter must hit the main ball to make it leave the stick ball, but it is not allowed to move the stick ball or cause the stick ball.

(3) Under the following circumstances, as long as the batter does not let the target ball move, it will not be punished. Namely:

A) The attached balls are live balls;

B) The ball may become a live ball and the referee declares it a live ball.

C) The ball may become a live ball, and the referee declares it as a live ball, while hitting another ball that may become a live ball.

(4) If the cue ball stops and sticks or almost sticks a non-live ball, when asked whether to stick the ball, the referee should answer "Yes" or "No". At this time, the batter must hit the cue ball and make it leave without disturbing the ball as mentioned above. But you have to hit a live ball first.

(5) The cue ball is attached to a live ball and a non-live ball at the same time. The referee only needs to point out the attached ball. If the batting player must ask the referee whether the cue ball is attached to a non-live ball, he has the right to be informed.

(6) If it is confirmed by the referee that any movement of the posted ball at the moment of hitting is not caused by the batter, the referee may not rule it a foul.

(7) When the referee observes, a static target ball is not attached to the main ball, but it is later seen to be in contact with the main ball before the stroke begins. At this time, the target ball should be re-placed in the position recognized by the referee.

16, bag mouth ball:

(1) If the ball falls into the bag without being hit or touched by other balls at the edge of the bag, and it has nothing to do with any hitting behavior in the process, the target ball should be put back in its original position, and the score already obtained should be calculated.

(2) If the bag mouth ball is hit by any ball in a stroke, the bag falls.

A) In case of no foul, all the balls should be put back to their original positions, and the stroke should be repeated, or the same batter can make another stroke at will.

B) If a foul occurs, the batter shall be punished according to the regulations, all the balls shall be put back in their original positions, and the next player may choose according to the usual foul.

(3) If a ball keeps a short balance on the edge of the bag mouth and falls into the bag, it should be counted as a normal bag and need not be put back in its original position.

17. After a foul, the cue ball becomes an obstacle ball:

After a foul, if the cue ball is blocked, the referee should declare that the opponent has won the free ball.

(1) If the player in the next round chooses the next stroke, then:

A) He can designate a free kick as a live ball.

B) Any designated ball shall be treated as a live ball, and the score of the live ball shall be obtained. Only when it is shot down, is it put back to the ball placement point.

(2) The cue ball is a foul in the following situations:

A) Not hitting the designated ball first, or hitting the designated ball and the live ball at the same time first;

B) Use the designated free ball to cause obstacles to all red balls or live balls, except when there are only pink balls and black balls left on the table.

(3) If the free ball is shot down, it needs to be taken out and put back to the ball placement point, and the score of the live ball obtained by it should be recorded.

(4) If the main ball hits the designated ball first, or hits the designated ball and the live ball at the same time, the live ball is knocked into the bag, then the score of the live ball will be recorded and the live ball will not be taken out.

(5) If the designated ball and the live ball are put into the bag at the same time, only the score of the live ball will be recorded. Unless the designated ball is a red ball, when each ball is hit into the bag, its score will be recorded. Then the free ball is put back to the placement point, and the live ball is not taken out.

(6) If the opponent requests the offending party to continue hitting the ball, the declared free kick becomes invalid.

18. Foul:

When there is a violation of the rules in the game, the referee should immediately announce the foul.

(1) If a player fouls before hitting the ball, his round will end immediately. At the same time, the referee should announce the punishment.

(2) If the batsman has hit a bat, the referee should wait until the bat is over before announcing the punishment.

(3) If a foul is committed before the next stroke, and the referee fails to make a ruling and the opponent does not raise any objection, the foul will be regarded as leniency.

(4) Any wrongly placed colored balls should be kept in place. Only after being shot down or out of bounds can it be placed correctly.

(5) Allow the fouler to get all the points before the foul.

(6) The opponent will start the next stroke where the cue ball stops. If the cue ball is out of bounds, the opponent will get the ball in his hand.

(7) If multiple fouls occur at the same time, it shall be handled according to the score with the highest penalty.

(8) If a player fouls, he will:

A) be punished according to regulations.

B) If the opponent asks, he must continue to hit the ball.

19. Punishment:

A player who commits a foul shall be punished with 4 points, unless a higher score is indicated in the following paragraphs (1) to (4), the penalty shall be:

(1) The penalty is a live ball score:

A) the club head touches the cue ball more than once when hitting the ball

B) keep your feet off the ground.

C) not hitting the ball in the order of hitting the ball

D) The cue ball was not placed in the D zone when the tee shot was made.

E) empty rod

F) the cue ball falls into the bag.

G) using free balls to make obstacle balls.

H) jump ball

I) using non-standard clubs

(2) For the following violations, the highest score of the live ball shall be fined:

A) Hit the ball before all the balls stop;

B) Hit the ball before the referee places the colored ball;

C) bagging non-live balls.

D) the main ball hits the non-live ball first.

E) push rod

F) Touching an in-game ball, except when the club head touches the main ball to complete a stroke.

G) hit the ball out of bounds

H) Double-click and be punished according to the highest score of the two balls (except for two red balls or a free ball and a live ball).

(3) The following acts shall be punished with 7 points:

A) Use a foul ball for any purpose.

B) Use any object to measure the spacing or distance.

C) Hit the red ball continuously, or hit the free ball continuously after hitting the red ball;

D) Use any ball other than the white ball as the main ball;

E) failing to point out the target ball according to the requirements of the referee.

F) After hitting the red ball and putting it into the bag, it’s a foul without specifying the colored ball.

20, continue to hit the ball:

Once the player asks his opponent to continue hitting the ball, this decision will not be changed. Players who are required to continue hitting the ball will:

(1) You can change the ball he wants to hit and the live ball he wants to hit.

(2) Get the score of the shot down ball.

21, empty foul (unconscious save the ball):

The batsman should try his best to hit the live ball. If the referee thinks that the player has failed to do his best, he will declare the player a foul on the empty shot. Unless there is only a black ball left on the table or there is a situation where it is impossible to hit a live ball. In the latter case, it must be assumed that, according to the judgment of the referee, the batter really tried to hit the live ball, so long as he hit the main ball directly or indirectly in the direction of the live ball with enough force, the main ball would reach the live ball if it were not for these blocking balls.

(1) When the empty-shot foul is declared, the next player can ask the offending party to strike again at the main ball stop, or from the original position, the offending party can handle it by itself. In the latter case, the live ball should be the same live ball that the last ball hit before this. Namely:

A) Any red ball is a live ball there.

B) After all the red balls leave the stage, the colored balls are live balls.

C) After the red ball falls into the bag, the colored ball is a colored ball selected by the batter in the case of a live ball.

(2) When there is a straight path between the cue ball and any live ball or possibly any part of the live ball, if the batter fails to hit it, the referee shall declare that the ball is a foul. Unless the referee thinks that the player needs to create or has created obstacles before hitting a shot, and the referee thinks that the empty shot is not intentional.

(3) When the situation described in (2) occurs and the empty ball is announced, there is a straight path from the main ball to a live ball or possibly a live ball, so that the two balls can collide along the whole center sphere (if the live ball is a red ball and is not blocked by colored balls, it should refer to the whole diameter of any red ball), then:

A) Hit a ball from the same position. If the first hit of the live ball fails again, it shall be declared as an empty foul, no matter how many points are different.

B) If required to punch again from the original position, the referee should warn the offending party, and if it fails again for the third time, the result will be that one set will be sentenced to lose to the other party.

(4) After the cue ball is returned to its original position according to these rules, there is a straight path from the cue ball to any live ball or any part that may be a live ball. At this time, if the batter commits a foul on a free kick, including the cue ball to be hit, if the stroke has not been made, it may not be declared as an empty shot, and other appropriate penalties may be taken in this case:

A) The next player can either choose to hit the ball by himself or ask the offending party to hit it hard at the stop position.

B) The next player can ask the referee to put all the balls back to the position where they were before the foul, so that the offending party can hit them again from there.

C) If the above-mentioned situation still occurs after being declared as empty continuously, any warning that the match may be awarded to the opponent will still be valid.

(5) All other empty strokes shall be announced according to the judgment of the referee.

(6) After an empty shot occurs and the next player requests that the cue ball be put back in its original position, any disturbed target ball should remain in its current state, unless the referee thinks that the offending player will benefit from it. In the latter case, any or all of the disturbed balls can be put back in the original position with the approval of the referee. However, in any case, the colored balls that leave the table abnormally should be placed at the ball placement point or returned to the original proper position.

(7) After an empty shot, when any ball is put back in its original position, the offending party or the next player can be consulted for the position of the ball, and then the referee’s decision is finally over.

(8) When asking for advice, no matter which player touches any ball in the middle of the game, he should be punished as a batting player. The original competition order remains unchanged. If necessary, the touched ball should be put back to the position recognized by the referee, even if the ball has been picked up by the referee, it is not allowed to touch it.

(9) The non-offending party has the right to ask if the referee intends to put the ball other than the main ball back in its original position, and whether to require the main ball to hit the ball from its original position, and the referee shall explain its intention.

22. Touched ball:

If the ball at rest or in motion is disturbed by other non-batting players, the referee should restore the ball to its original position as he thinks it is; Or let it continue to move until it stops, without punishment.

These rules should include those cases where the batsman is forced to move the ball due to other accidents or personnel, but the batsman’s companion is not limited.

Players are not responsible for the interference caused by referees.

23. Deadlock:

If the referee thinks that there is or will be a deadlock in the game, he will immediately suggest a restart. If the player refuses, the referee should allow the game to continue. However, there should be additional conditions, that is, it should be announced that the situation must change within a certain period of time. Usually, under the judgment of the referee, three strokes should be limited to each side. For example, after the announced time expires, when the situation basically remains unchanged, the referee should cancel all the scores and rearrange all the balls, just like the beginning of a game.

(1) The original kickoff player still kicks off.

(2) Keep the original batting order.

24. Snooker doubles for four:

(1) In the four-person doubles competition, each side takes turns to open the market. The batting order should be set before the game and remain unchanged.

(2) After each game, the order of appearance can be changed.

(3) If a foul is committed and required to continue hitting the ball, the fouler of the offending party shall continue hitting the ball. Even if the foul happened outside the round, the original game order remained unchanged, which made the partner of the fouler lose a round.

(4) In a game, partners can consult each other, but it is a foul in the following cases:

A) The player is hitting the ball or is ready to hit the ball at the table.

B) Negotiate from the first stroke to the end of one stroke.

25, the use of auxiliary equipment:

The batsman shall be responsible for moving any auxiliary equipment he uses on the table:

(1) The batsman is responsible for all articles, including but not limited to the racks and extension equipment he has taken to the table. Whether they belong to the batter himself or are borrowed, he should be responsible for them (except those from the referee), and he will be punished when he uses these devices to cause any foul.

(2) The batter is not responsible for the non-human foul caused by using the auxiliary equipment provided by the referee. If these devices prove to be faulty, and the batter touches one or some balls as a result, it is not a foul. If necessary, the referee should put the ball back in its original position, and when the batter is hitting a ball, he should be allowed to continue without punishment.

26, interpretation:

(1) All regulations and terms in these Rules are equally valid for women.

(2) due to different specific circumstances, it is necessary to make appropriate adjustments so that the rules can be applied to some people with practical difficulties, especially:

A) The penalty of "keep your feet off the ground" cannot be applied to athletes in wheelchairs.

B) If the athlete can’t tell the difference between colors, such as red and green, he should be informed of the color of the ball after making a request to the referee.

C) In the absence of an umpire, between opposing players or between two sides, the game shall be deemed to be played as described in this rule.

Folding athlete

1. Stall time: If the referee thinks that the player spends one stroke time, or chooses one stroke time, which exceeds the normal time, he should give a warning to the player, and he may be sentenced to lose the set to the other side.

2. Improper behavior: A player who refuses to play a game or is considered by the referee to be a deliberate foul or a continuous foul, including continuing to delay the game time and uncivilized behavior after being warned by the above rule 1, shall be sentenced to lose the game. At the same time, the referee should warn the players. If the player still doesn’t make corrections, he will be disqualified from the competition.

3. Punishment:

(1) According to the rules, if a game is penalized, the offending party:

A) The game was defeated;

B) All points are lost, and the non-offending party gets the same points as the remaining balls on the table. That is, 8 points for each red ball. Moreover, any colored balls that leave the table abnormally will be counted as points at the ball placement point.

(2) According to the rules, if a game is fined, the offending party:

A) As stated in (1), the ongoing match was defeated.

B) All other relevant sets required for the completion of the competition of this Council but not yet played were awarded a penalty.

C) When the cumulative score is calculated, each set that is judged to have failed in a game will be counted as 147 points.

4. Non-batting athletes: When batting athletes are playing, non-batting athletes should avoid standing or moving in the sight of batting athletes. He should sit down or stand at a suitable distance from the table.

5. Absence: When the batter needs to leave, the non-batter can appoint an agent to monitor his peers and make a foul to the referee when necessary, but the referee must know.

6. Abstaining:

(1) When an athlete becomes a batter, he can be allowed to abstain. However, the other party has the right to accept or refuse the waiver. If the opponent chooses to continue the game, the waiver will become invalid.

(2) When it is necessary to calculate the cumulative score, and one set has been abstained, the scores of all the balls left on the table should be added to the scoring record of the other side. In this case, the red ball is counted as 8 points, and any colored ball that leaves the table abnormally will be counted as the ball placement point.

Folding staff

1. Referee:

(1) The referee shall:

A) Be the sole judge of whether the game is fair or not.

B) When there is something not clearly stipulated in the rules during the competition, it is free to make a ruling without being influenced by all aspects.

C) Be responsible for the proper behavior of the competition under these rules.

D) When any violation of the rules is found, it should be intervened.

E) When asked, inform the athletes of the color of the ball.

F) Wipe any ball at the reasonable request of the athlete.

(2) Referees should not:

A) Answer any questions not specified in these Rules.

B) Give any hint when the player is about to make a foul in hitting the ball.

C) Give any advice and opinions that may affect the score of the competition.

D) Answer any questions about the difference in scores.

(3) If the referee neglects to pay attention to an accident for a while, he can use the scorekeeper and other staff. Or the audience with better viewing position, etc. to help him make a ruling.

2. scorekeeper:

The scorekeeper should score points on the scoreboard and help the referee to perform his duties. If necessary, he can act as a recorder.

3. Recorder:

The recorder should keep a record of each stroke, properly record the foul, and the score that each player or each side deserves. He should also record the total score of one stroke.

4. Staff’s help:

(1) If the athlete points out that the lighting equipment hinders the hitting action, the referee or scorer should remove it and put it in an appropriate position.

(2) Allow referees or scorekeepers to give necessary help to disabled players.

Text | Zhang Shule (columnist of People’s Daily Online and People’s Post and Telecommunications, observer of Internet and game industry)

What can you gain by backing the glory of the king?

Will Tencent control your fate?

Recently, e-sports operator Hero Sports VSPN (hereinafter referred to as "VSPN") submitted an IPO application to the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.

According to the data, VSPN is the only operator of the glory of the king KPL. According to the revenue in 2020, it occupies more than 75% of the market share in the organization and operation of e-sports events, making it a leader in the industry.

VSPN was founded in 2016, and its founder Ying Shuling is a well-known figure in the game circle, known as "the first mobile game player in China".

According to the prospectus, VSPN’s business includes the operation of e-sports events, earning commercial benefits from brands and sponsors, game developers and publishers, live broadcast platforms, and community operations.

Jost Sullivan reports that the company ranks first in the market share of the e-sports competition industry in China, and it is the only participant whose business covers all market segments of the industry.

As far as the first nine months of 2021 are concerned, the revenue of VSPN mainly comes from the operation and commercialization of e-sports events, accounting for 35.3% and 34.1% respectively, and the third contribution is community operation, accounting for 25.9%.　　

According to Jost Sullivan’s report, VSPN held official professional e-sports competitions for the glory of the king, Peace Elite, Jedi Survival, Jedi Survival Mobile Edition, Crossing the Line of Fire and Clash of Tribes: clash royale. In 2020, VSPN operated 77 e-sports events on 21 e-sports games in China and overseas, and held more than 2,000 competitions. In the nine months ending on September 30th, 2021, VSPN operated 94 e-sports events on 29 e-sports games in China and overseas, and held nearly 5,600 matches.

It is worth mentioning that in January, 2021, VSPN acquired Banana Game Media, which was praised as the performance of the company to further strengthen the operation ability of overseas events.

According to media reports, the company is a subsidiary of Shanghai Banana Plan Culture Development Co., Ltd. founded by Wang Sicong, which focuses on e-sports business.

However, Tianyancha APP showed that on January 14th, 2021, Wang Sicong had withdrawn from the list of shareholders of the company.

In addition, Tencent is the invisible pillar behind VSPN. As of the last practical date, Tencent owns 13.54% of its total issued share capital and is one of its major shareholders.

In terms of support, Tencent is also doing its best. Since 2016, Hero Sports VSPN has cooperated with Tencent, including the operation of sports events and the commercialization of some e-sports games, such as the glory of the king and QQ Speeding. The two sides also jointly managed the Peace Elite Professional League (PEL) from October 2019 to December 2021.

Taking the glory of the king Professional League (KPL) as an example, Tencent’s "hard work" is even more obvious.

The league is currently the world’s largest mobile e-sports league (based on the highest audience during the finals).

Since 2017, Hero Sports VSPN has been its sole event operator.

In this regard, Wu Liyang, a reporter from 21st century business herald, and Xu Xinyi, a reporter from China Business News, had an exchange with Shu Le respectively. Being original thought:

Under the background that e-sports has officially become an Asian Games project, VSPN, which takes e-sports events as the mainstream profit model, stands on the cusp of the times, and its application for IPO also represents the rhythm of the domestic e-sports industry from scratch to maturity.

On the surface, Tencent’s will may influence the fate of VSPN, but it is not.

Although, VSPN suggests risks in the prospectus, if the business relationship with Tencent cannot be maintained, the company’s business may be adversely affected.

However, the role played by e-sports operators in the e-sports industry is becoming an "irreplaceable" mode, and the possibility that game manufacturers will end up doing competitions themselves is getting smaller and smaller.

It must be recognized that event operation is a field different from game operation and promotion. In the past, many events in the e-sports industry were at best a game marketing promotion of game manufacturers, rather than a sustained and professional sports event.

E-sports must have professional operation and maintenance if it is to be truly transformed from a game into a sports event. The role of operators has also become crucial with the demand iteration of domestic e-sports cities, e-sports events and game manufacturers.

There is a cooperative relationship between e-sports operators and game manufacturers, and choosing a company with its own interests among multiple operators to run its own game events, or taking back power due to differences in cooperation, will gradually become the norm with the deepening of e-sports and the emergence of related companies.

However, it is not realistic for game manufacturers to directly end up. At most, the game manufacturer will set up a new company to take care of the games and avoid business conflicts.

One background to note is that Ying Shuling also founded Hero Entertainment, which focuses on the research and development and distribution of mobile e-sports games.

In a sense, the starting point of VSPN is precisely a fission in exploring the e-sports industry chain after Ying Shuling achieved the game company Hero Entertainment, and gained more development from hosting his own games to hosting more games of third-party game companies.

At the same time, e-sports events are becoming more and more like a sunrise sport.

In the prospectus, VSPN quoted Jost Sullivan as saying that in 2020, 488 million e-sports fans around the world specially watched e-sports programs. In addition, the audience number of e-sports events is close to that of traditional sports, but the audience is more diversified and has sufficient growth potential.

In fact, the life cycle of successful e-sports games is calculated in ten years, and entering the competition mode can further extend its life cycle and provide gamers with more experiences (watching games, participating in competitions and spending around).

As a young people’s game and sports experience, the viability of e-sports industry is actually very strong. As the forerunner of the rise of live broadcast and short video industry in the past five years, we can see that its strength is not limited to the event itself, and it has the ability to surpass traditional sports in the surrounding derivation.

　　CCTV News:The reporter learned from the Changchun police that on the 24th, 15 people involved in the case, including Gao Mofang, the chairman of Changchun Changsheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd., were criminally detained by the Changchun New District Public Security Bureau according to law for suspected criminal offences. At present, the work related to the case is in progress.

　　Regarding the vaccine incident of Changchun Changsheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd., the Supervision Committee of the Jilin Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection resolutely implemented the spirit of the instructions of the central leadership and the deployment of the provincial party Committee. It was highly concerned about this and demanded that those responsible for the vaccine incident be resolutely investigated and dealt with according to discipline and law, in accordance with their work functions, and be seriously held accountable.

　

　　At present, the Supervision Committee of the Commission for Discipline Inspection of Jilin Province has taken three measures to step up its work: First, sort out and dispatch the clues and letters and visits that reflect Changchun Changsheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd. and its main responsible persons. The second is to instruct the Discipline Inspection Team of the Food and Drug Administration in the province and the Supervision Committee of the Changchun Municipal Commission for Discipline Inspection to clarify the responsibilities on the basis of finding out the facts, and seriously investigate and punish the accountability of the relevant responsible persons of the food and drug supervision departments in the provinces and cities. The third is to set up a working group to investigate the possible corruption problems in the process of restructuring, production and operation of Changchun Changsheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd..

CCTV News:On October 24, the State Council Office held a press conference on ensuring high-quality development with high-level security. Li Jiantao, director of the Food and Drug Crime Investigation Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security, said that the public security organs have taken a series of crackdown and rectification measures in accordance with the law to resolutely control "table pollution" and protect the "safety on the tip of the tongue" of the masses.

First, persist in cracking down on the law and deepen the opening up of special crackdown and rectification. The Ministry of Public Security deployed public security organs across the country to carry out the "Kunlun 2023" special campaign in depth, focusing on the crimes of "two excesses and one non-violation" of food, that is, over-range and over-limit abuse of additives and illegal addition of toxic and harmful non-edible substances, and detected more than 5,300 criminal cases of illegal addition of food, abuse of "lean meat" and manufacturing and selling fake beef and mutton in online celebrity, and arrested more than 6,300 criminal suspects.

Second, persist in taking the initiative to attack and constantly improve the ability to fight crime. In view of the problem that food cases are hidden and difficult to find, relying on more than 500 public security food and drug quick inspection technical rooms built in various places, we have carried out active sampling inspection in the food field with frequent problems and found a number of problem clues in time. At present, the independent discovery rate of case clues has reached 60%. In view of the increase in online food crimes, we will strengthen online inspections, carry out cross-regional cluster strikes, and cut off a number of online crime chains. In view of the characteristics of many changes in the methods of illegally adding crimes, joint scientific research institutions have carried out technical breakthroughs and cooperated with relevant departments to introduce testing standards and methods to improve the quality and efficiency of the crackdown.

The third is to adhere to collaborative governance and help improve the comprehensive management level of food safety. Based on the duty of cracking down on crimes, we should cooperate with relevant departments to promote the transformation of food safety supervision from after-the-fact investigation to prior prevention. Establish a linkage mechanism with administrative departments, take the initiative to inform major food safety issues, and jointly carry out hidden dangers rectification. In-depth investigation and visit on "benefiting people and enterprises", listen carefully to the opinions and suggestions of enterprises and the masses, widely mobilize the masses to report food safety crimes, strengthen the publicity of typical cases, issue risk warnings in time, and create a good public opinion atmosphere.

At present, China’s food safety situation is generally stable and improving, but influenced by economic interests and other factors, food crimes are still prone to occur frequently, and the task of cracking down on food safety crimes is arduous and arduous. In the next step, the public security organs will thoroughly implement the "four strictest" requirements, focus on the people’s concerns about food safety, continue to crack down on food safety crimes with a "zero tolerance" attitude, help improve the level of food safety governance, and strive to make the people eat safer, more assured and healthier.

The less than 250-year history of the founding of the United States is full of wars, killings and racial hatred. After World War II, in order to compete for hegemony and protect hegemony, the United States secretly operated overseas biological laboratories, repeatedly used chemical and biological weapons, created ethnic divisions and disintegrated other countries, and spread hatred in foreign wars … The United States created a plague around the world, spreading all kinds of misdeeds of "poison pills" of ethnic divisions, racial hatred and ideological opposition around the world, making it a veritable "breaking bad poison".

"Biological poisoning" has a long history.

After the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, Russia announced the discovery of a number of biological laboratories set up by the United States in Ukraine and storing a large number of dangerous viruses, exposing the United States’ alleged violation of the Biological Weapons Convention to the world and making deadly viruses, bacteria and toxins, which aroused widespread concern in the international community.

In March, Russia showed the UN Security Council the evidence that the United States relied on these laboratories to carry out biological warfare research, such as the agreement signed by the United States and Ukraine in 2005 to conduct biological research on Ukrainian territory, the signature of the receipt that the United States directly provided Ukraine with 32 million US dollars of funds, and the evidence that the United States conducted research on Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, leptospirosis and other dangerous pathogens.

In this regard, the United States denied it, did not announce the details, and only responded with a sentence "Russia is making false accusations", which has increasingly aroused the concern of the international community. As we all know, the United States has a long history of developing biological weapons and producing and spreading biological viruses. It is the only country that has used nuclear weapons, chemical weapons and biological weapons in many wars, and has been exclusively opposed to the establishment of the multilateral verification mechanism of the Biological Weapons Convention for 20 years.

After World War II, the United States made a deal with the devil, in exchange for exempting the main members of the notorious Japanese 731 troops from the war responsibility and paying for the purchase, and obtained a large amount of data on human experiments, bacteria test, germ warfare, poisonous gas experiments, etc. of the 731 troops, and hired Shiro Ishii, the chief culprit of the 731 troops, as a consultant for the US military on biological weapons, thus establishing the biological weapons research and development base in Fort Detrick. From that moment on, the United States replaced Japan as the evil "drug maker" who endangered the world. It can be said that the construction of biological weapons laboratories in the United States has been paved with the evil background of anti-humanity from the beginning, injected with unscrupulous genes, and buried the hidden dangers of poisoning the world. Jeffrey Kay, an American historian, has long been committed to studying the black history of the United States’ germ warfare in the Korean War, saying that "the US military used biological weapons highly similar to the 731 troops of the Japanese invaders in the Korean War".

Since then, the United States has continuously opened biological laboratories all over the world, which has repeatedly caused "unexpected illness" and health and safety accidents. It can be called "biological poisoning" and has become the source of spreading viruses and plagues, bringing serious risks to the world. According to the data submitted by the United States to the Conference of States Parties to the Biological Weapons Convention, at present, the United States has established 336 biological laboratories in 30 countries and regions around the world. These laboratories are part of the so-called "Biological Collaborative Plan", which belongs to the Defense Threat Reduction Agency under the US Department of Defense and is directly funded and controlled by the Pentagon.

Domestic biological laboratories in the United States are still full of loopholes and hidden dangers emerge one after another. In February 2009, two rats infected with plague disappeared in a biosafety laboratory in Newark, New Jersey, and the FBI immediately launched an investigation, but did not disclose any details to the public. In July 2014, the website of Science reported that the United States suspended the transportation of high-risk pathogens and closed two biological laboratories due to totally unacceptable behaviors such as "accidentally transporting live anthrax", "finding forgotten live smallpox samples" and "accidentally transporting a dangerous influenza strain from the CDC to another laboratory". In 2015, USA-Today said in an investigation report that there were hundreds of laboratory mistakes and other accidents in American biological laboratories, which put many scientists and even the public at risk. In 2019, American media reported that the biological laboratory in Fort Detrick was suddenly shut down due to the non-compliance of the operating procedures of the staff and the failure of the steam disinfection factory, which made it impossible to purify the laboratory wastewater. Soon after, an "e-cigarette disease" broke out in a community in Virginia, an hour’s drive away, and the symptoms of patients were very similar to those of patients in COVID-19.

Due to the lack of supervision and restraint in the United States, the biological laboratories set up in foreign countries in the United States are even more "the sky is high and the emperor is far away", and the risk of leakage and spread of high-risk pathogens in the United States is passed on to other countries, even disregard for human life.

In September 2020, a television station in Ukraine reported the following news: atypical infectious diseases were raging in Ukraine in 2009, 2011, 2014 and 2015, and the epidemic areas coincided with the location of the US biological laboratory. In 2016, more than 200 soldiers were hospitalized in Kharkov, the eastern border city of Ukraine, and more than 20 people were killed. Since then, this mysterious virus has continued to spread, causing hundreds of deaths.

It is reported that the Richard Luger Public Health Research Center, which was established by the US Army Medical Research Department in Georgia, used volunteers as guinea pigs to test various newly developed biological agents. Between 2015 and 2016 alone, 73 volunteers died from the same new drug test.

According to the website of the independent investigation agency Armswatch reported in January this year, the Pentagon conducted biological experiments with potentially fatal consequences on 4,400 soldiers in Ukraine and 1,000 soldiers in Georgia. According to the leaked documents, the deaths of "volunteers" in Ukraine should be reported within 24 hours, and those in Georgia should be reported within 48 hours. In January, 2020, the website of Armswatch also reported that 40,000 ticks were collected from 13 regions of Kazakhstan by the A1266 troops of the US Army, and four bioterrorism agents were isolated: tick-borne encephalitis virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, rickettsia and Bena Kirks (Q fever pathogen). These biological agents may spread in large-scale aerosols and be used as biological weapons.

With the disclosure of more and more facts, it is inevitable for the United States to give an account to the people of the poisoned country and to the people of the peace-loving world.

"Spiritual poisoning" makes the world turbulent.

For "biological poisoning", the United States has some rhetoric: the United States participates in and helps local biological laboratories and cooperates in medical research under the background of ensuring safety. The United States’ "biological poisoning" abroad has been beautified as "maintaining" regional peace and "protecting" countries poisoned by the United States. It is evident that the words and deeds of the United States are different and the words are not true. This is exactly the same as the "spiritual poison" that the United States advocates "freedom, democracy and human rights", but in fact it is a false democracy that is really expanding, a false human right that is really hegemonic, and a false freedom that is really destructive.

The United States has always prided itself on being a beacon of democracy, boasting of openness and transparency, but it has secretly interfered in other countries’ internal affairs, created hatred by provoking racial and ethnic conflicts, and seized the opportunity to create chaos and division, thus profiting from it. It can be said that it has done everything it can. It is the American military industrial enterprises, financial oligarchs and other interest groups that benefit from "manipulating and poisoning", but it is the poisoned local people who are injured.

After the outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, the most exciting thing is the American military-industrial complex and financial predators. Whether it is the federal budget for fiscal year 2022 signed by the United States or the increase of defense budget in European countries, a considerable part will flow into their pockets. The most tragic thing is the Ukrainian people. According to statistics, more than 4.5 million Ukrainian refugees have fled abroad.

In fact, since independence in 1776, the United States has not participated in the war for less than 20 years. According to the statistics of American scholar William Bloom in his book Democracy: America’s deadliest export-American diplomacy and all other truths, during the 60 years from 1945 to 2005, the United States carried out acts such as overthrowing other countries’ governments, assassinating other countries’ leaders, interfering in other countries’ elections, bombing innocent people in other countries and trying to suppress nationalist movements in other countries, resulting in millions of deaths.

Encouraged by the United States, the "Arab Spring" has become a severe winter and nightmare in Arab countries. According to The New York Times, before and after the outbreak of the Arab Spring, American NGOs funded by the US government have been training the opposition and some illegal organizations in Arab countries. The training contents include: how to use network technology to organize and mobilize the opposition and the people to take to the streets to demonstrate, how to create riots, how to organize elections and supervise elections, and so on, thus subtly creating ethnic contradictions and national divisions within the countries concerned.

Take Syria as an example. In March 2011, the "Arab Spring" planned and led by the United States became the trigger for the turmoil in Syria. The U.S. ambassador to Syria has been in constant contact with the Syrian opposition and publicly supported it, going to areas where human rights have been violated to incite tension. The US ambassador to the United Nations accused the Syrian government of "deliberately committing violence, torture and persecution against peaceful protesters, human rights defenders and their families". At that time, US President Barack Obama issued executive orders continuously, and both the Syrian president and senior government officials, as well as assets, investment and oil transactions, were among the blockades and sanctions. The effect of extreme pressure is not obvious. Since September 2014, the United States has directly launched air strikes against Syria. Years of war have caused 12 million of Syria’s 21.7 million people to go hungry and 12.3 million to be displaced, making it one of the biggest humanitarian crises in the 21st century.

This is just the tip of the iceberg of the bad consequences caused by the United States’ "spiritual poisoning" around the world. According to the declassified information of the US government in 2019, the "Condor Operation" launched by the United States against Central and South American countries in the 1970s was estimated to have killed 60,000 people, and 30,000 people were killed in Argentina alone. In 2018, under the banner of "human rights" or "democracy", the National Endowment for Democracy in the United States allocated more than $23 million to seriously interfere in the internal affairs of major Latin American countries.

Deception can’t cover up the truth, and lies have already been exposed. At a time when the century-old political situation is intertwined with the epidemic situation in the century, the world has become more and more aware that the horrible "biological poisoning" and the "spiritual poisoning" are the two black hands of the United States to undermine world stability and split and dismember other countries. The United States is the biggest infringer of world human rights and the biggest destroyer of world peace and democracy.

(Author: Tang Yanlin, Li Mengzuo, both researchers of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory System Research Center of Liaoning University)

　　央视网消息：近日，有人在网上发帖称新版历史教科书删去了“文化大革命”一课，引发网民关注。人民教育出版社官方网站10日晚发文回应：统编初中历史教材八年级下册专题讲述了“文化大革命”，将在2018年3月春季学期投入使用。

　　人教社在回应中表示，统编历史教材按照新的编写体例，在第6课《艰辛探索与建设成就》中，将“文化大革命”单独作为一个专题进行了重点讲述，分六段全面系统讲述了“文化大革命”发生的背景、过程和危害等。并介绍了主要内容，第一段讲“文化大革命”发生的背景；第二段讲一些党政机关受到冲击，大批领导干部和知识分子遭到揪斗，社会和生产秩序陷于混乱；第三段讲老一辈革命家对江青等人的倒行逆施进行针锋相对的斗争；第四段讲林彪反革命集团阴谋策动反革命政变，反革命集团被粉碎；第五段讲粉碎“四人帮”和“文化大革命”结束；第六段讲“文化大革命”给党、国家和各族人民带来新中国成立后最严重的挫折，造成了巨大的损失，需要我们反思和总结。

　　目前，人教社官网已经专门开通了“中小学教材意见反馈平台”和反馈邮箱（jcfk@pep.com.cn）及时回答大家疑问。（央视记者 潘虹旭）

Recently, BYD’s Eye of God high-level intelligent driving system has attracted much attention. What level is it at? Do you just stay at the basic entry level, or do you have another job? Let’s combine the content of the conference, the hot discussion of netizens and the actual test drive experience to explore in depth.

A complete analysis of the eye system of the gods

BYD Eye of God comes standard on almost all cars. Even for entry-level models with less than 100,000, most of them are equipped with this system. For example, two of the three versions come standard. The Eye of God is divided into three grades: A, B and C from high to low, which can be distinguished by the color of the trailer, and its hardware configuration and implementation functions are also different.

Eye of God A, yellow logo, equipped with DiPilot 600 system, equipped with three laser radars and dual NVIDIA Orion-X chips, with a computing power of up to 508TOPS, will be applied to the car looking up, showing the ultimate intelligent driving ability. Eye of God B, red logo, adopts DiPilot 300 system, has one or two laser radars, single NVIDIA Orion-X chip, and its computing power is 254TOPS. It belongs to the main version, and will appear on some high-end models of BYD series, realizing high-order intelligent driving in the whole scene, covering the mainstream intelligent driving functions of cities and high speed. Eye of God C, blue logo, based on DiPilot 100 system, no lidar, pure vision algorithm, with horizon J6M or NVIDIA Orin-N chip, the computing power is between 84-128TOPS, which is mainly used in BYD Dynasty and Ocean series vehicles.

Doubts and facts caused by grading

Many people have doubts about grading and worry about the lower limit of low-level intelligent driving. For example, someone questioned in the comment area, if A is a first-class level, is C a third-class level? After all, the current first-class intelligent driving is not flawless. What is the significance of the third-class high-level intelligent driving? But in fact, although Eye of God C is the lowest level, it has excellent performance. At the press conference, it attracted much attention because of its high market share of equipped models. Its technical base is based on Xuanji architecture, 100% self-built, connected to DeepSeek and fully closed-loop end-to-end architecture, and adopts forward-looking three-eye camera plus BAS 3.0+line parking algorithm, which is at the forefront of the industry in terms of architecture, sensors, algorithms and data. From the practical experience, Eye of God C can achieve high-speed navigation function, automatic parking and remote parking are not to mention. AEB function can stop stably at 100km/h, and the stopping distance is shortened to 20 meters. AEB of 120 km and 140 km will be gradually released in the future. During the test drive of BYD in summer, the high-speed pilot has quick response to lane change, skillful operation, smooth upper and lower gates, stable cornering with large curvature, intelligent obstacle avoidance, intelligent courtesy of the cart and other functions, and automatic parking can solve all kinds of tricky problems.

Why can the whole people drive intelligently?

Another concern is the relationship between price and quality. As the saying goes, "You get what you pay for", can you rely on a cheap high-level intelligent driving? In fact, in the early days, the production scale of autonomous driving hardware was small and the cost was difficult to compress. However, with the increase of market penetration, the output of chips and radar cameras increased and the cost decreased. BYD has independent advantages in industrial chain, self-developed software and hardware, more than 4.4 million BYD L2-class vehicles running on the road, huge intelligent driving database and the world’s largest team of R&D engineers, which can effectively reduce costs. For example, the core value of the vision scheme of Eye of the God C lies in the software system, which lowers the price by integrating advantages. Tesla also adopts a similar strategy to reduce costs by scale effect.

From a strategic point of view, if BYD wants to do a good job in high-level intelligent driving, it needs to increase market popularization. The more cars run on the road, the faster the iteration of intelligent driving algorithm will be. Therefore, BYD has the ability and necessity to make high-level smart driving cheap. Moreover, BYD models have a high market share, and if the smart driving function is badly damaged, it is easy to be exposed, which also guarantees the user experience from the side.

Duo Li Jun language:

BYD Eye of God’s High-order Intelligent Driving System is not a simple hierarchical division, and each level has unique value and excellent performance. No matter high-end users who pursue the ultimate performance or ordinary consumers who pay attention to cost performance, they can find their own choices in the system of Eye of God, which is promoting the popularization and development of intelligent driving with strength and helping the brand of China to grow upward.

　　CCTV News:On September 19th, the Propaganda Department of the CPC Central Committee held a series of press conferences on the theme of "China this decade". The Ministry of Natural Resources introduced the measures and effects of farmland protection.

　　Liu Guohong, a member of the party group and chief engineer of the Ministry of Natural Resources, said that since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has repeatedly given important instructions on farmland protection, stressing the need to implement the strictest farmland protection system and protect farmland like a giant panda. We resolutely implemented the spirit of the important instructions of the Supreme Leader General Secretary and the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, and adopted a series of hard measures to strictly observe the red line of 1.8 billion mu of cultivated land, which can be summarized by five strictness:

　　First, a strict legal system for farmland protection. We will improve laws and regulations, revise and implement the Land Management Law and the Regulations on the Implementation of the Land Management Law, and promulgate and implement the Law on the Protection of Black Land. The CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued the Opinions on Strengthening the Protection of Cultivated Land and Improving the Balance of Occupation and Compensation, and the State Council issued a document to make special arrangements for resolutely stopping the "non-agricultural" and preventing the "non-grain" of cultivated land. The second is to strictly demarcate the red line for the protection of cultivated land and permanent basic farmland. To implement the priority of farmland protection, in the compilation of the Outline of National Land Spatial Planning and the demarcation of "Three Districts and Three Lines", the amount of cultivated land and the task of permanent basic farmland protection will be divided into positions, so as to give priority to demarcation, delimit everything and ensure everything. The third is to strictly control the conversion of cultivated land into non-agricultural construction land and strengthen the improvement of the balance between occupation and compensation. The farmland occupied by non-agricultural construction should be supplemented first and then occupied, and it is emphasized that one should be supplemented, the superior should be supplemented, and the paddy field should be replenished. Strictly verify and identify supplementary cultivated land, establish an open system of supplementary cultivated land plots, and ensure that supplementary cultivated land is true and reliable. Fourth, strictly control the conversion of cultivated land into other agricultural land and implement the system of "balance in and out". In view of the problem that cultivated land is converted into other agricultural land reflected in the "three adjustments" of the country, resulting in the loss of a large number of cultivated land, it is clearly required that cultivated land converted into other agricultural land such as woodland, grassland and garden must be supplemented with the same amount and quality of cultivated land that can be used stably for a long time within the year.Fifth, serious farmland protection supervision and law enforcement. Strengthen the supervision and inspection of the national natural resources inspector on the provincial government’s responsibility for farmland protection, establish a ledger for the problems found, and continue to urge rectification; Using satellite remote sensing technology to carry out law enforcement of land satellite films, timely discover and seriously investigate and deal with violations of laws and regulations, publicly inform the whole society of typical cases, and play a deterrent role.

　　By adopting this series of measures, in the past ten years, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, with the support and supervision of all walks of life, party committees and governments at all levels and relevant departments have made concerted efforts to achieve remarkable results in the protection of cultivated land, achieving the goal of 1.865 billion mu of cultivated land in 2020 set by the State Council and keeping the red line of cultivated land. Especially in the past two years, the trend of cultivated land reduction has been initially curbed, and the total amount of cultivated land in China will increase net in 2021.

1905 movie network news The new sequel of Oscar’s best animated feature film is being shown in the whole country, and the box office in mainland China has exceeded 300 million yuan. Over 280 Spider-Man appearances, cool visual painting style and unimaginable big-screen audio-visual enjoyment have been well received by audiences all over the world. At present, the global box office has captured $490 million, greatly surpassing the previous work, and North America has won $284 million to rise to the third place in the annual box office list in North America.

　

Mainland box office broke 300 million, summer hit, global record high of 490 million US dollars.

The domestic box office of the movie Spider-Man: Vertical and Horizontal Universe has now exceeded 300 million RMB, with a total audience of 8.33 million. The audience has given high praise on various platforms such as Douban, Cat’s Eye and Weibo. Three weeks after its release, the film grossed 490 million dollars worldwide, ranking sixth in the global annual box office list, greatly surpassing the total box office of its predecessor, Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse. North America currently has $284 million, surpassing its rise to the third place in the annual box office list in North America.

The box office of overseas countries exceeded expectations, setting a new record for Spider-Man’s animated films.

At present, "Spider-Man: The Universe" has become the highest-grossing animated film of Sony Pictures, and this box office figure will reach a higher level as the global popularity continues.

　

The film’s high reputation ignites the audience’s follow-up expectations. The third part of the series will be released globally next year.

The film "Spider-Man: The Vertical and Horizontal Universe" won unanimous praise from the media, film critics and audience after its release. He was praised as "Shakespeare’s masterpiece" and "every frame can be hung on the wall of the museum". The cool visual painting style and the subversive audio-visual language make the film gain the affirmation of a large number of professional painters, animation directors and animation professionals on social media, and be praised as "the highest level of animated films". However, the massive details and surprise eggs of the film make it not enough for fans to watch it once, and they have to brush it twice and three times to get addicted: "Every time you brush it, you will have new happiness."

At the same time, many viewers also eagerly expressed on social media: "I hope the third film will be on tomorrow" and "I can’t wait to fast forward to next year", which shows the audience’s love for the multi-universe adventure story of Spider-Man Myers and Gwen Spider. The much-anticipated Spider-Man Miles and Gwen teamed up to fight against fate, and the follow-up of the Hundred Spiders War will be presented in the series sequel! The film will be shown on the global big screen in March 2024.

Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, March 29th (Reporter Wang Bin) On March 27th and 29th, Chinese Vice President Han Zheng met with Qi Yaonian, CEO of HSBC Group, Shi Minglun, CEO of Swire Group, Luo Fude, Chairman of Abbott, Bette, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Allianz Group and Zhao Guohua, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Schneider Electric Company, who were here to attend the 2023 annual meeting of China Development Forum.

Han Zheng said that multinational companies have made positive contributions to China’s economic development for many years, and they are witnesses and participants in China’s reform and opening up, and they have also made great progress. The Chairman of the Supreme Leader has repeatedly stressed that China adheres to the basic national policy of opening to the outside world and firmly pursues a mutually beneficial and win-win opening strategy. This year marks the 45th anniversary of China’s reform and opening up. Practice has fully proved that reform and opening up have greatly promoted the development of China. No matter how the international situation changes, China will only open wider and wider. The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China has made a strategic plan for the development of China in the coming period, and China is committed to comprehensively promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with Chinese modernization. In this historical process, we will unswervingly promote high-level opening to the outside world, maintain the continuity and stability of domestic and foreign policies, deeply participate in global industrial division and cooperation, and strive to create a market-oriented, rule-of-law and international first-class business environment to provide more opportunities for enterprises from all countries.

Han Zheng said that high-quality development is the primary task for China to build a socialist modern country in an all-round way, and the high-quality development of China is inseparable from international cooperation and the participation of various market players including multinational companies. At present, the international situation is complex and changeable, so it is very important for Chinese and foreign business circles to strengthen communication and cooperation. Since the beginning of this year, China’s economy has stabilized and rebounded. From January to February, the actual use of foreign capital was nearly 40 billion US dollars, which continued to maintain the growth momentum. The long-term positive fundamentals of China’s economy have not changed, and we are full of confidence in achieving the expected economic growth target of around 5% this year. I hope that enterprises from all countries will strengthen their confidence in investment and cooperation with China, take root in the China market and share the new opportunities brought by the new development of China.

On March 27th, Vice President Han met with Qi Yaonian, CEO of HSBC Group, who came to China to attend the 2023 annual meeting of China Development Forum. Xinhua News Agency reporter Shen Hongshe

On March 27th, Vice President Han met with Shi Minglun, CEO of Swire Group, who came to China to attend the 2023 annual meeting of China Development Forum. Xinhua News Agency reporter Shen Hongshe

On March 27th, Vice President Han was in Beijing to meet Luo Fude, Chairman of Abbott, who came to China to attend the 2023 annual meeting of China Development Forum. Xinhua News Agency reporter Shen Hongshe

On March 27th, Vice President Han met with Bert, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Allianz Group, who came to China to attend the 2023 annual meeting of China Development Forum. Xinhua News Agency reporter Shen Hongshe

On March 29th, Vice President Han met with Zhao Guohua, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Schneider Electric Company, who came to China to attend the 2023 annual meeting of China Development Forum. Xinhua News Agency reporter Yin Bogu photo

Qi Yaonian and others said that China’s reform and opening up has achieved fruitful results, and China’s economic development has always been the most important stabilizer of the world economy in recent years. Many multinational companies have benefited from China’s reform and opening up, and developed successfully. We are grateful to the China Municipal Government for its long-term promotion of institutional reform and its emphasis on improving the business environment and protecting the rights and interests of foreign investment. Optimistic about China’s economic growth potential, innovation vitality and investment opportunities will increase investment in China and achieve win-win development.