The Yellow River, flowing from the snow and ice in bayan har, gathers thousands of streams and rivers, crossing nine provinces and regions to nourish Chinese civilization. Under the guidance of the concept of "jointly protecting and promoting great governance", a new generation of Yellow River "water conservancy people" have made unremitting efforts to restore ecology, improve water quality and use water rationally. A picture of harmonious coexistence between man and nature is slowly unfolding along the Yellow River.

　　Water Ecology: Respect for Nature and Harmonious Symbiosis

　　In early autumn, standing in the Star Sea in maduo county, Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province, countless lakes are like stars sprinkled into the earth.

　　Early in the morning, Tongde, an ecological manager in Gadan Village, Machali Town, maduo county, took the reporter on the road to patrol the Star Sea. His family lived by grazing for generations and witnessed the change of grassland ecology. More than 20 years ago, due to long-term overgrazing, Maduo became devastated from a land rich in water and grass, and the income of herders decreased.

　　In recent years, maduo county has implemented the policy of "fixing livestock by grass", scientifically and rationally utilized grasslands, and explored the development path of modern ecological grassland animal husbandry. Like many herders, Tongde put down his whip, and now his job is to pick up garbage, patrol lakes and grasslands and protect wild animals.

　　On October 20, 2021, in Lena Village, Zhalinghu Township, maduo county, Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province, the ecological manager of the Yellow River Source Park of Sanjiangyuan National Park picked up garbage by Zhalinghu Lake. Xinhua News Agency reporter Zhang Long photo

　　The Yellow River descends from Maduo on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and meets Fenhe on the Loess Plateau.

　　Wanrong section of Fenhe River in Shanxi Province is the last pass where Fenhe River flows into the Yellow River. "People often say that the Yellow River is only 48 poles wide, and both sides can hear it." Pan Xinjie, former director of the office of Wanrong Yellow River Affairs Bureau, said that it is said that Xuanyuan Huangdi once swept the floor on the bank of the Yellow River as an altar to worship the afterlife. Today, the site of the sweeping altar is located in the Houtu Temple. Historically, the Houtu Temple has been destroyed by floods three times and moved twice.

　　This is a photo taken in Wanrong County, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province overlooking the Yellow River and Fenhe River. (UAV shooting) (Photo courtesy of the interviewee)

　　Fenhe River is the second largest tributary of the Yellow River, which has an important impact on the ecological security of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. Nowadays, walking in the Wanrong section of Fenhe River, we can see that there are holes in the coastal slopes, and the holes are full of Amorpha fruticosa.

　　"More than 4 million such holes have been pierced on the left bank of the Fenhe River in Wanrong." Xie Xiaobin, a staff member of Wanrong County Water Conservancy Bureau, said that Amorpha fruticosa has the functions of protecting dike sand, preventing wind and fixing sand, and is a "living steel bar" for dam protection. More than 4 million Amorpha fruticosa roots on the shore to build a beautiful ecological barrier for the Wanrong section of Fenhe River.

　　The Yellow River falls to the East China Sea, and Wan Li writes in his mind.

　　From the mouth of the Yellow River in Dongying, Shandong Province, all the way upstream, Liang Jinhui, a researcher of the ecological investigation project team of key rivers and lakes in Shandong Province, and his colleagues sampled along the Yellow River. Water, sediment and epiphytic algae of the Yellow River … … Samples were carefully collected into the container.

　　Liang Jinhui introduced that after the later detection and analysis of the samples, the sampling at 40 points on the bank of the Yellow River will generate a "physical examination report" containing 85 indicators, providing first-hand information for dynamically recording the alternation and evolution of aquatic organisms in the Yellow River.

　　In the game of ecological protection, the ecological environment in the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River has its own characteristics, and each can exert its ecological linkage control effect.

　　Water Environment: Long-term System Governance.

　　Shapotou district, zhongwei, Ningxia is the first stop for the Yellow River to enter Ningxia. In Fengzhuang Village, Rouyuan Town, shapotou district, there are many houses, the streets are clean and tidy, and a small river at the entrance of the village flows quietly under the bridge. "This river is the fourth drainage ditch. In the past, garbage and weeds were piled up along the ditch all the year round, and sewage was discharged directly into the ditch, which smelled bad in summer." Mai Xueping, a village cadre in feng village, said.

　　In recent years, Ningxia has strengthened the protection of water ecological environment, and implemented projects such as desilting and dredging of key drainage ditches into the Yellow River and construction of constructed wetlands.

　　The Yellow River, which flows through Qingtongxia City, Ningxia, nourishes rice and various vegetation on the shore (photo of drone, taken on May 25th). Xinhua News Agency reporter Feng Kaihua photo

　　In order to ensure that the water quality will not be polluted after the water system is connected, five video monitoring points, five automatic water monitoring points and five water quality monitoring points have been set up in shapotou district, and a special App has been developed to monitor the changes of water quantity and water quality online in real time.

　　Water environment control is not limited to rural non-point source pollution. In recent years, urban pollution control has also achieved remarkable results.

　　In the evening, Nanchuan River in Xining City, Qinghai Province is sparkling under the setting sun. In the urban greenway along the Nanchuan River, Jiang Xiaoyun, the river head of Xinqing Community in Nantan Sub-district Office, Chengzhong District, Xining City, opened the "Smart Water Conservancy Cloud" App and clicked "River Patrol" to start the 1.83km river patrol from Hongshui Bridge to Kunlun Bridge. "Only when I see that there is no garbage on the river and the water conservancy facilities are operating normally will my heart be practical." Jiang Xiaoyu said.

　　On June 3, along the Nanchuan River in Xining City, Jiang Xiaoyun, the community river chief, was patrolling the river. Xinhua News Agency reporter Li Ning photo

　　The Nanchuan River, now known as the "city living room", was once plagued by water pollution, silt at the bottom of the river and the wild growth of aquatic plants.

　　The problem is in the water, and the root is on the shore. In recent years, Xining City has improved the water quality through measures such as renovation of municipal pipe network along the river, sewage collection and treatment, improvement of river bottom, microbial purification, aquatic plant configuration, etc., and upgraded the coastal ecological environment through measures such as shoreline renovation, facility repair and beautification, and wetland ecological restoration, and the beautiful scenery of harmonious coexistence of people, birds and fish reappeared.

　　In recent years, under the guidance of the major national strategy of ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin, a series of "combination boxing" have been launched along the Yellow River. The water quality of the Yellow River basin is improving year by year, and the main stream of the Yellow River will reach Grade II water quality for the first time in 2022.

　　Water resources: water saving and water diversion.

　　Autumn is crisp. In the Qianjin Farm of Ningxia Agricultural Reclamation, tens of thousands of acres of farmland are dressed in green, showing a different "face value". After the high standard transformation of farmland and the application of intelligent irrigation technology, more than half of the water can be saved per mu here. On the exclusive trading platform, 6 million cubic meters of water saved by the farm was purchased by two water-deficient enterprises to ensure production.

　　The Yellow River water is like soup and steamed buns to Xia Chuan.

　　Ningxia, which is located in the northwest and is dry and rainy, relies heavily on the Yellow River for its development. In the past, it faced the dilemma of long-term water shortage and flood irrigation.

　　The utilization of water resources in Ningxia is the epitome of the Yellow River Basin, which accounts for 2% of the country’s river runoff and supports the water demand of 12% of the country’s population and 17% of its cultivated land. On the basis of a series of water right and water price reforms in recent years, since 2021, Ningxia has taken the lead in exploring the reform of water right in the provinces along the Yellow River and Nine Provinces.

　　Water use warrants for some villages in Gaozha Town, Litong District, Wuzhong City, Ningxia (photo taken on May 24). Xinhua News Agency reporter Feng Kaihua photo

　　"The confirmation of water rights is based on the red line of total amount and efficiency, which forces water users to recognize the upper limit of water use, so that suitable water planting and water production are gradually rooted in the hearts of the people." Bao Lumin, head of the special class of water right reform in Ningxia Water Resources Department, said.

　　Nowadays, water, as an asset, shows great value on the trading platform. Industrial enterprises and water users purchase water rights from the exclusive water market for new projects and expansion of scale.

　　In the past summer, the work of water and sediment regulation in the Yellow River Delta has come to an end, but the story of water, sand and people continues.

　　For the Yellow River Delta, water shortage is a big problem. In the past, the wetland water supply in the Yellow River Delta could only be realized by self-flowing water diversion during the water and sediment regulation period of the Yellow River.

　　"Every year from June 19 to July 10, there is only about 20 days." Liujing, deputy director of the Shandong Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve Management Committee, said, "But according to years of observation, we found that the whole wetland is not the most in need of water at this stage. For example, in the spring when animals and plants grow most vigorously, the demand for water in wetlands is very strong. However, during this period, the flow of the Yellow River is small, and it is impossible to replenish water by self-flow diversion. "

　　This is the scenery of Shandong Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve (drone photo) taken on October 31, 2022. Xinhua News Agency reporter Guo Xulei photo

　　In August last year, six sluice boats for diverting water from the Yellow River were completed in the nature reserve, and water was replenished as needed at any time according to the needs of animals and plants. The rolling Yellow River water infiltrated this vast land before it was injected into the Bohai Sea.

　　In recent years, the Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve has built a scientific ecological water supply system of "diversion, transportation, storage and discharge", and at the same time, it has made great efforts to build a "river — Lu — Beach — "Sea" connectivity system, connecting the water system for 115 kilometers, dredging tidal gullies for 76 kilometers, and restoring hydrological connectivity between the Yellow River and the ocean. The original bare land and saline-alkali beach have become large wetlands with abundant aquatic plants and rich biodiversity.

　　Rushing from the depths of history, the Yellow River has nurtured generations of Chinese people. River soup, don’t give up day and night Today, under the guidance of the supreme leader’s ecological civilization thought, people all over the Yellow River are constantly exploring ways to protect the water of the Yellow River and striving to promote the high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. (Reporter Shi Weiyan, Yuan Min, Zou Xinyuan, Li Ning, Chai Ting)

People’s Daily Online, September 15 th, 15 days of sweating, more than 10 countries competed in the same field, 12 major events, 10 groups won the second place, and 3 individual champions. This is the report card handed over by China soldiers in the 2015 international military competition.

In this international competition sponsored by the Russian Ministry of Defence, a special warfare regiment and an infantry brigade in shenyang military area command sent officers and men to represent China’s army in the "reconnaissance vanguard" and "suvorov assault" competitions. The team members fought in the international arena with the good appearance of a new generation of revolutionary soldiers with "four haves", and made a wonderful appearance on the world stage with excellent military literacy and good style image, which not only polished the shining business cards of China soldiers, but also won honor and respect for the motherland and the army.

In the mid-autumn season, the team members who returned with honors had a random discussion with their comrades-in-arms in the military honor history museum, in front of the competition photos, beside the trophies and gold medals, and beside the armored chariots, and started a big discussion on the experience of going to Russia to participate in the "2015 International Military Competition".

The "Reconnaissance Elite" competition has been implemented in five stages, which is fierce and cruel as actual combat-

Can the "Devil Race" scare off China soldiers?

The officers and men replied: On behalf of the motherland in the international arena, no matter how difficult or dangerous, we will go forward bravely.

"This champion is the only one in the five stages of the competition that has not been deducted and has the best color." At the beginning of the discussion, Yu Yuanshui, the leader of the delegation of the "Scouting Elite" competition and the head of a special operations team, said with great pride with the trophy of "Victory Will" in his hand. "At that time, after the competition, Major General Marusin, the Russian chief referee, said to us,’ You are the well-deserved first place, congratulations!’ "

The competition of "Scout Elite" is divided into five stages, namely, landing by plane and marching in a hurry, crossing the comprehensive obstacle of "scout path", driving by a chariot, shooting, and entering the assembly area after completing the task. It is implemented continuously and comprehensively tests the technical indicators of scouts in the form of a closed-loop task, which is called "Devil’s Race".

In the face of many strong teams sent by Russian, Belarusian and other countries, the officers and men of the regiment, who played on behalf of China, withstood the test of various unfavorable factors, fought bravely and dared to win, and staged bloody assaults again and again with excellent quality and excellent style.

"During the competition, when I was crossing the sewer, I hit my head on an obstacle and suddenly my blood flowed downwards." During the discussion, Cheng Yong, a team member of the regiment and a company sergeant of the First Battalion of Special Operations, took out a blood-stained military cap and said, "At that time, I put my spare gloves on the wound on my head, tied them tightly with my hat and insisted on completing the game. When I reached the finish line, the whole hat was red with blood. "

At the discussion site, the team members stepped forward one after another and told their stories during the contest. On the big screen, videos and photos of their contests were continuously scrolled. When ambushing battles, military swimming and crossing obstacles, the officers and men on the scene were deeply shocked by the footage and pictures of the players sweating like rain and even fainting from shock.

"On behalf of the motherland, no matter how difficult and dangerous the competition is, we must face up to the difficulties and go forward bravely …" During the discussion, Xiao Liang, a team member and a company sergeant of the first special warfare battalion of the regiment, said that on the morning of August 10, in the final stage of the competition of "scouts", 10 members of the regiment gave their lives to fight for water barriers and communication.

"I am convinced that you won the first place, which is equivalent to the boxer really knocking his opponent down." After the game, Lieutenant Colonel Yuva, the captain of the training team of the Novosibirsk Higher Military Command School, who ranked second, gave them a thumbs-up and praised them.

Being at the discussion site, listening to such a bloody story, watching the team members’ nearly ground camouflage uniforms and land boots displayed in the history museum of the regiment, Yang Guanyu, a special soldier of the regiment, was deeply touched. When conducting special warfare training again, he worked overtime to practice climbing skills with poor coordination between his hands and feet, and the palm of his hand was grinded with a big blood bubble by the rope and still kept on, which simply improved his training performance for several seconds.

Equipment is the carrier of combat effectiveness, and the chariots with different overall performance are used to compete-

Sword is not as good as man, how is swordsmanship better than man, and how is firm but gentle better than man.

The officers and men replied: Give full play to people’s ability, the performance of equipment, and the efficiency of combining people with equipment.

China is the only country that has brought its own domestic equipment to participate in the competition, and all the equipment is the active equipment of the participating troops. The 86A-step chariot equipped by a certain mechanized brigade representing China in the "suvorov Assault" competition is not an advanced chariot of our army. The overall performance of BMP-2-step chariot in Russian competition is ahead of our army’s generation.

"The sword is not as good as people, the swordsmanship can’t be inferior to people, and the shock wave can’t be inferior to people!" During the discussion, Duan Jiabao, the commander of the brigade 616 and the platoon leader of the 1st Battalion, pointed to an honorary chariot in the parking lot and said, "Equipment is the carrier of combat effectiveness. Equipment is not as good as people. If you want to achieve good results, you must bring people’s ability to the limit, the performance of equipment to the limit, and the efficiency of combining people with equipment to the limit!"

Listening to Duan Jiabao’s speech, the thoughts of the participating officers and men floated back to the competition site.

On the morning of August 11th, local time, the "suvorov Assault" competition, the highlight of this international military competition, ushered in the final battle: China, Russian and Venezuelan three-nation infantry fighting vehicles launched the final duel and competed in the relay race.

The track and obstacle course settings of this competition are close to or reach the limit index of Russian-made equipment, and some indexes exceed the design limit of Chinese equipment. For example, the cliff obstacle, the design index of the 86A-step chariot is 90cm, and the obstacle exceeds 1m. During the pre-war mobilization, Huang Qingli, the leader of the China team and the brigade commander, encouraged the officers and men: "Don’t be afraid of strong players, dare to fight to win, dare to break through the limit, and try your best to win the final victory!"

At 10 o’clock in the morning, the game officially began. The No.616 86A infantry fighting vehicle, which the brigade played on behalf of China, roared out with its head high under the control of Duan Jiabao, gunner Chen Jingtao and driver Lu Bo.

Rolling roads, right-angle bends, side slopes, cliff walls, waterways, minefield passages, earth ridges, anti-tank trenches, rutting bridges, and obstacles are left behind by China chariots advancing at high speed; Point-blank, side-shot, one by one, the targets were wiped out by the cannon of the chariot.

"At that time, our car groups really put people’s ability to the limit, the performance of equipment to the limit, and the efficiency of combining people and equipment to the limit!" During the discussion, Chen Jingtao, the gunner of the 616 car and the sergeant of the Fifth Company of the Second Battalion, recalled the scene at that time and said that in the face of the cliff with a height exceeding the obstacle-surmounting performance of the equipment by 30 cm, they walked with full horsepower and high speed. The 86A-step chariot was designed to run at a speed of 65 kilometers per hour. They combined human and equipment to give full play to their maximum efficiency, and actually ran out of the top speed of 72 kilometers per hour.

"Dozens of meters of wading roads, we entered at high speed and rushed up a huge splash; The undulating roads that destroyed the most vehicles and the anti-tank trenches that easily hit the wall, other teams slowed down, and only the China chariot we drove passed by like lightning. " Lu Bo, the team member and driver of the 616 car, took the opportunity to say proudly, "All the 40 obstacles in the relay race were conquered by our China chariot!"

At the end of the first lap, the local people in the stands were amazed. They found that China’s 86A infantry fighting vehicle, under the control of lightly loaded and confident China soldiers, became a dark horse on the field, playing accurately and driving fast, and even threw the advanced Russian locomotive group over 100 meters!

"Our performance was amazing and the Russian team was unexpected." Huang Qingli, the brigade commander who led the team to participate in the competition, said with great pride that Major General Bafu Lavschi, the chief referee of this competition, paid special tribute to us after the competition: "The performance of the equipment of China’s troops participating in the competition is not as good as ours, but the training level is very high, which left a deep impression on me. Congratulations on your good results! "

Frequent temporary changes in rules and unfavorable rulings in strong hand-to-hand confrontation-

In adversity, how to show the bearing and image of China soldiers?

The officers and men replied: It is both reasonable and overall, and the frequent change of rules does not hinder the confidence of China soldiers.

The 2015 international military competition is a stage to show the image of our soldiers to the world. Among more than 10 participating countries, China Legion is undoubtedly the most concerned team. From the moment they set foot on Russian soil, every move of China soldiers attracted people’s attention.

"The international military competition is a game for the brave, and the soldiers of no country don’t want to win the competition. The China Legion is a delegation that participated in more projects in this competition and was also regarded as a’ strong enemy’ by the host Russian team. " During the discussion, Zhang Liguo, the deputy brigade commander of an airplane brigade who was the leader of the organizing team, said that in addition to many difficulties such as transportation, language and diet, the uncertainty of the competition rules was the biggest disadvantage they faced, and sometimes the rules were still changing until the day before the competition.

Although the officers and men participating in each competition are fully psychologically prepared, there are still "accidents" in the course of the competition. In this regard, Liu Yanwu, the participating driver who has personal experience, said in the discussion that in the "suvorov Assault" competition, the shooting target can bounce up as soon as Russian tanks and chariots are in place, but we often have to wait for a while to see the shooting target bounce up after China tanks and chariots are in place.

Coincidentally. When the teammates finished loading in 25 seconds, they were far ahead of other teams that took about two minutes. The organizer unexpectedly cancelled the timing of the loading session on the grounds that "you loaded the bomb too fast and it was unfair to other teams".

This made the brigade commander Huang Qingli very puzzled: "It is fast to reload and has strong survivability on the battlefield. The loading speed of our soldiers is practiced by taking off several layers of skin in the palm of your hand. " But the appeal was invalid, and China’s lead of more than 1 minute was cancelled.

In fact, in the competition, all the teams in China encountered difficulties in rules and rulings to varying degrees. According to statistics, as many as 34 rules were temporarily changed before the competition, and 9 rules were still being revised during the competition.

"These difficulties will inevitably be encountered in the process of implementing the strategic thinking of’ military forces going global’ in China." During the discussion, Qin Haiping, director of the brigade’s political department, said that the international military competition has given us an opportunity to train. The main purpose of participating in the competition is not only to compete for the ranking, to test our actual combat ability, to learn from the useful experience of foreign troops, and to consolidate cooperation and friendship with foreign troops, but also to be more important than the results of the competition.

Facts have proved that China soldiers overcame difficulties in unfamiliar environment and showed the comprehensive quality of our army. Faced with all kinds of unfavorable factors, the officers and men participating in the competition not only argued for their own rights and interests, but also took care of the overall situation and remained calm, which showed the confidence and tolerance of China soldiers. In the competition, they played their due level with excellent quality, and shocked the audience many times to set the "limit speed" and hit the "precise shooting".

"At the scene of the competition, foreign soldiers often take the initiative to praise the outstanding performance of our players. Some people are interested in China equipment and even climb into the cockpit to see what happened." Wen Jianxin, an engineer of the 1st Battalion of the Brigade, who is responsible for the training and guidance of the competition, said, "As soon as our drivers in China finished the competition, they were surrounded by Russian people for a group photo. The young soldiers in China smiled and behaved appropriately, and became the messengers of China culture."

The arrival of China’s army also made local Chinese and overseas Chinese particularly excited. Many Chinese provided vehicles, drinking water and Chinese food for the participating troops free of charge, helped translate Russian materials, and held high the national flag to cheer. Some overseas Chinese said, "The arrival of China soldiers has made the word motherland more vivid and concrete, and let us really feel that the motherland is really strong!" (Li Xianghui, Gu Changlong, Ma Yibo) 　 　

　　How to manage it specifically, let’s take a look.

　　Guiding opinions on field management technology in the middle and late stage of maize

　　At present, the growth of maize in Liaoning province has entered the filling stage one after another, which is in the critical period of yield formation. In some areas, there was more rainfall in the early stage, the soil moisture was higher, the growth process of corn was delayed, and the pests and diseases were aggravated. In view of the above situation, combined with the current and late weather conditions and production practice, the following technical guidance for field management is put forward.

　　First, strengthen water management to prevent droughts and floods

　　According to the law of maize growth and water demand, combined with weather conditions and soil moisture, corresponding irrigation and drainage measures should be taken in time. In case of flood disaster, it is necessary to mobilize the masses as soon as possible, increase the input of machines and manpower, dredge ditches in time, dispatch all kinds of drainage machinery, quickly remove the accumulated water in the field, so as to discharge it completely, speed up the reduction of soil moisture, shorten the soaking time of plants to the greatest extent, and restore their growth as soon as possible. Where conditions permit, a reservoir can be dug in the field according to the topographic conditions, and the accumulated water can be introduced into the reservoir for storage. When some easy-to-dry land blocks, such as sloping fields and sand hills, encounter staged high temperature and drought, it is necessary to start drought-resistant water sources and facilities in time in combination with weather conditions, soil moisture and field water conservancy facilities to meet the water demand of plants and reduce the impact of high temperature and drought.

　　Second, timely topdressing to promote growth

　　According to the growth and early fertilization of maize, especially in fields with late sowing, delayed plant growth and development, and waterlogging, timely and appropriate topdressing of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer can replenish nutrient supply in time and improve lodging resistance. When topdressing fertilizer, it is best to spray potassium dihydrogen phosphate or plant growth regulator on the leaves, which can be combined with pest control, and spray fertilizer, bactericide and insecticide together through drones to promote crop growth and development while controlling pests and diseases.

　　Third, prevent and control pests and diseases and reduce losses

　　Strengthen the monitoring and investigation of field pests and diseases, especially the fields affected by waterlogging and lagging growth and development, and issue early warning and forecast in time. In view of the migratory major pests such as Spodoptera exigua, armyworm and cotton bollworm, we should do a good job in monitoring the adults and investigating the insect situation in the field, and implement centralized and effective prevention and control in high-density areas at the first time to prevent local outbreaks. In view of the corn borer, corn leaf spot, stem rot, ear rot and other pests and diseases, it is necessary to prevent them early, seize the critical period of prevention and control, use pesticides scientifically, lower the base of bacterial and insect sources at ear stage, and reduce the damage and loss. Actively adopt biological or physical methods for prevention and control, or spray high-efficiency, low-toxicity, low-residue chemical pesticides with plant protection machinery such as unmanned aerial vehicles and high-gap pulling pesticide sprayer for point prevention and control or unified prevention and control. It is necessary to strengthen the application of measures such as ecological regulation, biological control, physical and chemical inducement and release of natural enemies, and improve the level of green and scientific prevention and control of major pests and diseases. On the basis of strengthening the green prevention and control of pests and diseases, we will focus on the emergency chemical prevention and joint prevention and control of high-density spots.

　　Fourth, strengthen field management to prevent lodging

　　Affected by frequent rainfall in the early stage, maize plants grow well in most areas, but the roots are not deep enough, so they are prone to lodging in severe weather. Therefore, rational topdressing or foliar spraying, appropriate application of potassium fertilizer and growth regulator should be adopted to promote root growth, improve plant quality and enhance lodging resistance of maize. For plots with accumulated water in the field, communication channels should be dug in time, and the accumulated water in the field should be drained by mechanical drainage or gravity drainage to prevent the ability of wind and lodging resistance from decreasing after the plants are soaked for a long time. After the wind disaster, try to maintain the status quo of the plots where the plants are tilted and not completely lodging, and rely on their own ability to resume growth; For plots where the plants are completely lodging and the stems are not broken, the ear of the fruit should be padded as early as possible according to the actual situation to prevent the ear from sprouting and mildew; For plots where plants are seriously lodging or stems are broken and cannot be recovered, timely harvest; For the blocks that have been extinct, the straw should be harvested as silage in time according to the situation, or the crops with short growth period should be replanted in time to reduce losses.

　　Fifth, pay attention to prevent early frost and promote early maturity.

　　Measures to prevent early frost and promote early maturity should be implemented in fields with delayed corn development and areas susceptible to early frost. Foliar fertilizers such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate and brassinolide can be sprayed to quickly replenish nutrients and enhance the stress and cold resistance of plants. Do a good job of peeling and drying corn stalks in time, accelerate corn grain filling and dehydration of mature grains, reduce corn water content and promote early maturity of corn. At the same time, measures to promote early maturity, such as cutting empty plants and bottoming leaves, are taken to improve ventilation and light transmission conditions in the field, reduce nutrient consumption, promote nutrient transfer to grains, and accelerate maturity. Once the early frost occurs, we should guide the masses not to harvest it in a hurry, make full use of the after-ripening function of corn to harvest it at a timely and late time, appropriately extend the after-ripening growth time, give full play to the function of storing nutrients in roots and transferring them to grains, and improve the yield and quality.

　　Guiding opinions on field management technology in the middle and late stage of rice

　　At present, the growth of rice in Liaoning Province has entered the heading and filling stage, and the overall growth situation is good. However, due to the influence of many factors, such as rain and lack of sunlight, some plots failed to control water to dry the fields, the root system development was not as good as in previous years, the rice growth process was slightly delayed, and rice leaf blast and sheath blight occurred in some areas. In view of the above situation, combined with the heavy rainfall in flood season and the fact that the temperature dropped and the temperature difference was large after beginning of autumn, the following technical guidance on field management was put forward.

　　First, strengthen management to prevent lodging

　　Due to the abundant rain in the early stage, the stems and leaves on the ground of rice grow well, but the roots have not experienced drying in the sun and airing in the field, and their development is not as good as in previous years, so they are prone to lodging in the late growth stage or in severe weather. Therefore, it is necessary to rationally apply growth regulators to promote root growth, improve plant quality and enhance rice lodging resistance; To maintain the shallow water layer of rice field, intermittent irrigation should be given priority to during the filling and fruiting period, that is, shallow water should be irrigated once, and then shallow water should be irrigated once after it is naturally drained until there is water in the footwell. In addition, water should not be cut off within 30 days after heading of rice to avoid premature plant senescence and incomplete grains. For the plots with too much water accumulated in the fields due to flood disasters, it is necessary to dig communication channels in time, and drain the water accumulated in the fields by mechanical drainage or gravity drainage to prevent the plants from being soaked for a long time, which will lead to premature senescence of roots and decline of lodging resistance.

　　Second, scientifically apply granular fertilizer

　　Due to low temperature and poor illumination, the seedlings are delayed, tillers are delayed and rows are closed late. Although the number of effective tillers and grains per panicle are close to normal, there is a form of excessive growth. Increasing grain weight and grain maturity is the focus of the next work. According to the change of rice leaf color, the amount of fertilizer applied in the early stage and other factors, nitrogen fertilizer should be applied at the right time and properly, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be sprayed on the leaves. The first 10 days after full heading is the best application period of granular fertilizer. Before fertilization, ensure the water layer and spread it evenly. The grain fertilizer may not be applied to the overgrown plots, and more fertilizer may be applied to the plots with lighter leaves.

　　Third, reasonable regulation and promotion of early maturity

　　Due to the slow development of rice and the cold weather, it is necessary to adhere to the technical route of "keeping ground temperature, promoting early maturity and delaying harvest" to improve the microclimate in the field and enhance the ability of rice to resist low temperature. It is necessary to promote early maturity, timely spray foliar fertilizers such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate, water-soluble fertilizers or plant growth regulators to supplement plant nutrients, enhance cold resistance, improve plant quality, and create good conditions for grain filling. To irrigate fields with well water, it is necessary to reduce irrigation frequency and increase ground temperature. After the yellow is ripe, it is necessary to cut off the water in time and harvest it in time. Late-maturing plots that are greedy for green crops should be harvested appropriately. In case of low temperature chilling injury, don’t rush to harvest, but postpone harvesting appropriately, prolong the growth time of after-ripening, promote the transfer of nutrients stored in roots to grains, and reduce the impact of chilling injury.

　　Fourth, timely prevention of diseases, pests and weeds

　　Rice should focus on preventing armyworm, planthopper and rice blast. It is necessary to strengthen the application of measures such as ecological regulation, biological control, physical and chemical inducement and release of natural enemies, and improve the level of green and scientific prevention and control of major pests and diseases. On the basis of strengthening the green prevention and control of pests and diseases, we will focus on the emergency chemical prevention and joint prevention and control of high-density spots. To prevent and control the armyworm, it is necessary to carry out ecological regulation, take advantage of the biological habit that adults need to feed to replenish energy before mating and spawning, and use bait with the odor that adults like to mix with a small amount of pesticides for biological trapping and killing. At the same time, grasp the early stage of egg incubation and the young larval stage to carry out scientific drug control. To control Laodelphax striatellus mainly, it is necessary to stress pressing before controlling and focusing on protecting the rice filling stage. The prevention and control of rice blast is mainly based on prevention, and the prevention of rice blast should be emphasized at the break, heading and full heading stages to prevent the occurrence of ear neck blast. At the same time, attention should be paid to the continuous rainy weather in the late growth period, and the branch blast and grain blast should be prevented in the late-maturing plots.

　　V. Resume production in time after the disaster

　　For the flooded fields or flooded fields caused by the previous flood disaster, we should adhere to the measures of "draining, dispersing, managing and promoting" simultaneously, grab and drain the accumulated water in time, restore the air permeability of the soil, raise roots and protect leaves, and promote the growth of waterlogged rice. It is necessary to dredge the ditches in time to eliminate the accumulated water in the field. It can be drained at one time in rainy days, and the field should be properly dried after drainage, so as to enhance soil permeability and root activity and restore plant growth. Top dressing should be applied in time for the fields that have been fertilized by water, and quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer can be applied to promote the recovery of roots and plants, so as to prevent premature aging and death caused by stagnant water.

　　Guiding opinions on field management technology of soybean in the middle and late stage

　　At present, the soybean in Liaoning province is in the period of flowering and pod filling, which is the key period of yield formation. According to the pest control and scientific disaster prevention and mitigation in the middle and late stage of soybean production, the following technical guidance for field management is put forward.

　　First, topdressing promotes weakness

　　In general soybean growing fields, if the plants are found to be fertilized or the growth period is delayed, foliar fertilizer can be sprayed to prolong the functional period of leaves, enhance the disease resistance, increase the grain weight and minimize the yield loss. If there are symptoms of trace element deficiency, trace elements such as magnesium, manganese, molybdenum and boron can be supplemented by spraying trace fertilizers on the leaves. Spraying 0.25 kg urea+0.2 kg potassium dihydrogen phosphate per mu at the initial flowering stage of soybean for the first time; The second time was in the pod setting stage and the third time was in the pod filling stage, combined with pest control, and 0.2 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate+0.16 kg of rice vinegar+boron fertilizer was sprayed to increase pods and promote maturity.

　　Second, pest control

　　According to the occurrence law of pests and diseases, the prevention plan is formulated in time, and the principle of prevention first and prevention second is followed. Spring soybean focuses on the prevention and control of pests such as soybean moth, firefly beetle, aphid and red spider, as well as diseases such as root rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and downy mildew. In summer soybean, stinkbug, aphid, Bemisia tabaci, Spodoptera litura and other pests should be mainly controlled. In particular, it is necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of sucking pests such as stinkbug, and prevent the occurrence of "green disease". It is suggested that a large-scale unified prevention and control measure should be taken at the flowering and pod stage, and the pesticide should be sprayed once every 7-10 days for 2-3 times continuously. At the same time, pay attention to the prevention and control of root rot, stem blight and other diseases. In the process of major pest control, it can be operated at the same time as spraying foliar fertilizer, so as to achieve the effects of "one spraying for multiple prevention", "one spraying for multiple promotion" and "one spraying for multiple effects", and to achieve the effects of disease prevention, insect prevention, disaster reduction, quality improvement and yield increase.

　　Third, flood control and drought relief

　　Since the flood season, there has been a lot of precipitation in Liaoning Province. In view of the waterlogging disaster caused by continuous rainy weather, according to the waterlogging situation and topography, ditches should be dredged quickly, and drainage machinery and drainage ditches should be adopted to discharge the accumulated water in the field and stagnant water in the plough layer as soon as possible, so as to reduce the time of accumulated water in the field, reduce the soil water content and promote or maintain the root activity. After the accumulated water is discharged, after the topsoil of the soil is dried, intertillage should be carried out in time to loosen the soil moisture, so as to avoid soil hardening, enhance the permeability of the soil, help the soybean root system to return to the normal physiological state, improve the lodging resistance of the soybean, and play a role in preventing weeds. In view of the malnutrition caused by waterlogging, the roots and leaves can be fertilized to supplement nutrients, with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer as the main fertilizer at the roots (3-5 kg/mu) and nitrate nitrogen fertilizer as appropriate (2-3 kg/mu); 125 grams of urea, 15 grams of boron and molybdenum microelement fertilizer, 100 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 30 kilograms of water are used for leaf spraying. Appropriate amount of amino acids and other nutrients can also be added to enhance their resilience. In addition, some easy-to-dry land blocks, such as sloping land and sand hillock land, should be irrigated in time when they encounter staged high temperature and drought during the soybean grain bulging period, with an irrigation amount of about 20 cubic meters per mu each time to minimize the shedding of flowers and pods.

　　Fourth, timely harvest

　　The best period of combined harvest is the early stage of soybean maturity, when all the leaves of soybean fall off, the plants show the original variety color, and the grain water content drops below 18%. In order to improve the harvest quality, soybean combine harvester can be equipped with disturbing cutting table, reduce the speed of reel as much as possible, adjust the gap between threshing drum and concave screen, and adjust the speed of fan in cleaning system.

　　Guiding opinions on field management technology of peanut in the middle and late stage

　　At present, peanut in Liaoning province is in pod setting stage, which is the key period of yield formation, and the demand for nutrition is very large. We should pay close attention to the abnormal weather changes in the middle and late period, make good plans for disaster prevention and mitigation, actively deal with various hazards such as waterlogging and drought, and effectively reduce the impact of disasters on peanut production. Combined with meteorological conditions and peanut growth, the following technical guidance on field management was put forward.

　　First, timely drainage and moisture dissipation

　　According to the rainfall and soil moisture, seize the drainage window period and organize drainage quickly. After heavy rain, according to the situation and topography of water accumulation in peanut fields, mechanical drainage or manual drainage ditches should be taken in time to reduce the water accumulation in the fields as soon as possible, drain the waterlogging in the plough layer and reduce the time of water accumulation in the fields. For the field with sticky soil and poor drainage, it should be combined with intertillage and hoeing as soon as possible to promote soil ventilation and air moisture, and reduce the harm of waterlogging to peanuts. Peanut covered with plastic film should break the film to disperse moisture, reduce soil water content, keep soil well ventilated and reduce the occurrence of rotten fruit.

　　Second, timely supplement fertilizer

　　The middle and late period of peanut is the key period of more nutritional requirements and pod enrichment. Due to the high rainfall in the early stage, soil fertility is lost, root absorption capacity is weakened, and plants are prone to fertilization and premature aging. Therefore, combined with the growth potential of flowers, fertilizers should be supplemented in time to ensure nutrient supply, restore plant growth, prevent fertilization and premature aging in the later stage, reduce waterlogging losses and ensure stable peanut production. Peanuts planted in the open field can be combined with intertillage for topdressing, and a certain amount of calcium fertilizer can be applied to promote pod expansion.

　　Third, strengthen the prevention and control of pests and diseases

　　Adhere to the principle of "prevention first, green prevention and control". Physical control and chemical control are combined, and black light, yellow and blue board, sex attractant and high-efficiency and low-toxicity drugs are combined. Due to the heavy rainfall in the early stage, high soil water content in the field and high temperature in August, high temperature and high humidity environment are easy to cause peanut diseases and insect pests, especially leaf brown spot, net spot and white silk disease, as well as grubs, aphids, cotton bollworm and thrips, so the field disease monitoring should be strengthened. For leaf diseases, fungicides such as bifonazole, epoxiconazole, difenoconazole, nitrile benzoxazole, diniconazole, triadimefon, tebuconazole, etc. +0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution +1% urea solution can be sprayed on the leaves, generally once every 7-10 days, and sprayed for 2-3 times. For grubs, 30% phoxim microcapsule suspension can be used to irrigate roots with 1000 times liquid, and the dosage is 300 ml per mu; For aphids, 3% phoxim granules can be used, and 6 kg per mu can be applied to the ridge with fertilizer, or imidacloprid+additives can be used for control; Spraying 2.5% cypermethrin EC 2000 times or 1.8 avermectin 2000 times on the leaves of Helicoverpa armigera before the 3rd instar; For thrips, emamectin benzoate+acetamiprid (imidacloprid), emamectin benzoate+spinosad+adjuvant, emamectin benzoate+nitenpyram, or bifenthrin+abamectin can be sprayed on the leaves.

　　Four, timely removal of weeds

　　Due to the heavy rainfall in the early stage, weeds in the field grow rapidly and should be removed in time. During the 2-4 leaf stage of weeds, 150 ml of 48% bentazone EC +108 g/L of high-efficiency flufenpyrad-ethyl 20 ml or 30 ml of 11.8% mequine-rufop-ethyl EC were selected per mu, and the stems and leaves were sprayed evenly, which could effectively control gramineous weeds and broad-leaved weeds for one year. However, the chemical weeding effect of big grass and old grass with seeds in the field is not good, so it should be manually pulled out and cleaned out of the field.

　　V. Chemical control

　　Pod-setting period is the most vigorous period of peanut growth. Due to insufficient light on rainy days, peanuts are easy to grow in vain, resulting in imbalance between vegetative growth and reproductive growth. For plots where plants tend to grow in vain and the plant height exceeds 35 cm, chemical control should be carried out for 2-3 times in combination with pest control. After applying peanut Chaoshengbao, uniconazole, or Zhuangbaoan with reasonable water, foliar spraying should be carried out evenly to avoid re-spraying, missed spraying and rain after spraying.

　　Sixth, timely harvest

　　Generally, at harvest time, the plants show senescence, the middle and lower leaves turn from green to yellow and gradually fall off, and the stems turn to yellow-green. 5-10 peanut plants can be randomly selected. When more than 70% of pod shells are hardened, the texture is clear, the color changes from white to light yellow, the sponge tissue in the shell shrinks and becomes thin, and the inner wall of the shell is dark brown, it is a suitable harvest period. The key to reduce the loss and improve the cleanliness of peanut mechanized harvesting lies in: first, check and debug the harvester to make the machine work with high quality and efficiency in the best condition; Second, accurately grasp the suitable harvest period and operating conditions, and harvest at the best time; Third, choose suitable mechanized harvesting methods and machines; Fourth, timely drying to reduce mildew; The fifth is to strengthen the training and supervision of machine collection.

　　The new round of examination enrollment system reform has taken another solid step towards the established goal.

　　On April 23rd, Hebei, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong and Chongqing, as the third batch of eight provinces in China to start the comprehensive reform of the college entrance examination, issued their own implementation plans, and made it clear that the first-year high school students who entered school in autumn of 2018 would start to implement them. Previously, eight provinces have deployed relevant work and are progressing in an orderly manner.

　　This means that the comprehensive reform of college entrance examination has entered a new stage from the pilot reform in the east to the promotion in the central and western regions. Correspondingly, the reform direction of the implementation plan in the eight provinces is consistent. While wearing "uniform clothes", they are also equipped with "local accessories". In close connection with the local education development level and the teaching practice of middle schools, they have made various explorations and innovations in the selection of examination subjects and examination time, the way of assigning marks and the way of admission.

　　The "3+1+2" mode is adopted in the selected subjects, which connects the teaching practice in middle schools with the talent training in colleges and universities.

　　According to the published implementation plan, the plan of eight provinces is "3+1+2" mode, that is, "3" is the national unified examination subject Chinese, mathematics and foreign languages, which all students must take; "1" is the preferred subject, and candidates must choose one of the physics and history subjects in the high school level examination; "2" is a re-selected subject, and candidates can choose two of the four subjects of chemistry, biology, ideology and politics and geography.

　　The college entrance examination is both a national economy and a people’s livelihood. The comprehensive reform of the college entrance examination is a major reform in the education field led by the central government. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed that the reform plan adopted by the central government has taken root and different places must be encouraged and allowed to conduct differentiated exploration. According to the requirements of the Supreme Leader General Secretary, the Ministry of Education instructed eight provinces to conscientiously implement the spirit of the the State Council Document, and formulate reform plans according to local conditions in combination with provincial and municipal conditions, so that the reform can more accurately meet local conditions and form a benign interaction between top-level design and grassroots exploration.

　　The reform of college entrance examination is extremely important, complex and sensitive, and the stakeholders are diverse. In order to find the "greatest common denominator" of the reform, the party committees and governments of eight provinces attach great importance to it, personally check, personally coordinate and personally supervise, and intensify overall coordination to ensure the smooth landing of this highly concerned high-risk reform. It is understood that party secretaries and governors of eight provinces have listened to reports many times, held relevant decision-making meetings of provincial party committees and provincial governments, and reviewed the comprehensive reform plan for the college entrance examination. Liaoning, Chongqing and other places have set up a leading group for comprehensive reform of the college entrance examination, headed by the "number one"; Hebei, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong and other places will incorporate the college entrance examination reform into the work points or important agendas of the provincial party committees and governments; The leaders of Fujian, Hubei and other provinces personally went to the grassroots to investigate and listen to the opinions of front-line workers, and strive to make the reform plan close to local reality.

　　"When designing various measures for the comprehensive reform of the college entrance examination in our province, we conducted an in-depth study on’ how to change’ and’ what to change’, which not only closely linked with the national spirit, but also linked with the reality of Fujian, and strived to implement the plan with strong feasibility and operability." The relevant person in charge of the Education Department of Fujian Province said that the "3+1+2" subject selection scheme is the result of eight provinces’ full consideration of the original local college entrance examination model, the development level of basic education, higher education and the layout of disciplines and specialties on the basis of learning from the experience of the pilot provinces that reformed first.

　　In the process of formulating the implementation plan, eight provinces conducted in-depth research, fully demonstrated, widely listened to and solicited opinions and suggestions from all sides. Taking Jiangsu Province as an example, since 2015, the province has held nearly 80 research and consultation meetings, listened to the opinions and suggestions from all walks of life in depth, and specially listened to the opinions and suggestions of many members of the National Education Examination Steering Committee for the key and difficult problems in the development of the scheme, and invited East China Normal University, Xiamen University, Provincial Institute of Education Modernization and experts in related fields of education and measurement to demonstrate the feasibility and scientificity of the "3+1+2" scheme.

　　"On the whole, the’ 3+1+2′ program is completely consistent with the’ 3+3′ program of the pilot provinces in the basic direction and basic concept of reform. At the same time, it further highlights the basic role of physics and history in the selection and training of talents in natural sciences and humanities and social sciences in colleges and universities, and puts forward the combination of students’ elective subjects in combination with local conditions, so that the reform can more accurately meet local conditions and better meet local students’ growth and talent training needs. " Qu Zhenyuan, deputy director of the National Education Examination Steering Committee, said.

　　Why should physics and history be the first choice subjects? According to the situation released by various provinces, the original intention of this setting is mainly to consider the needs of talent training in colleges and universities and to connect with the reality of middle school education and teaching in various places.

　　On the one hand, experts in universities, middle schools and disciplines generally believe that physics is the basic discipline of natural science majors and history is the basic discipline of humanities and social sciences majors in the training of talents in universities. Studying physics or history subjects in high school is an important foundation for studying natural science majors, humanities and social sciences majors and related interdisciplinary majors in university. Therefore, taking these two subjects as the first choice is conducive to the cultivation of students in related majors in colleges and universities.

　　On the other hand, there are some differences in the conditions of running schools in different places. Taking physics and history as one of candidates’ preferred subjects can effectively connect with the existing teachers and classrooms, guide students from different regions and middle schools to choose their study subjects reasonably, plan their academic careers scientifically, and lay a solid professional foundation for further study in universities.

　　Yu Han, an expert of the National Education Examination Steering Committee and deputy director of the Examination Center of the Ministry of Education, said that since the first batch of comprehensive reform pilots of the college entrance examination, the educational concept of "selectivity" has always been reflected in the implementation and improvement of various measures. In the selective dimension, we should not only ensure the independent space of individual choice, but also take into account the local rigid restrictions on talent selection and training in colleges and universities, and more importantly, reflect the overall and long-term interests of the country. Although the "3+1+2" program does not give candidates full and free choice in six subjects, they can make conditional choices in two subjects, physics and history, and the other four subjects, and the latter two out of four are completely open to arts and sciences, with 12 choice combinations, which greatly improves the selectivity of only two combinations before the reform and is more in line with the actual situation of eight provinces. At the same time, although physics and history can only be chosen from two subjects, they are both compulsory subjects in the passing examination of the high school level examination, and students must meet the basic teaching requirements of high school, and the basic knowledge structure is complete.

　　Zheng Qinghua, vice president of Xi ‘an Jiaotong University, thinks that this way not only increases students’ choice, but also promotes the integration of arts and sciences, pays more attention to students’ all-round development, improves students’ comprehensive quality, provides conditions and motivation for the mutual choice between students and universities, fully embodies the principle of people-oriented, learning what they are good at and testing their strengths, conforms to the laws of education development and talent growth, and provides more opportunities for students to grow into talents.

　　The selective examination is held at the same time as the college entrance examination, and the selected subjects are given scientific marks.

　　From 2021, the enrollment of colleges and universities in eight provinces will be based on the results of the unified college entrance examination and the high school level examination, with reference to the comprehensive quality evaluation.

　　As for the time and frequency of foreign language examinations, six provinces, including Hebei, Liaoning, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan and Chongqing, plan to organize only one foreign language listening and written examination in June, and then implement the foreign language examination twice a year when conditions are ripe. Jiangsu and Guangdong provinces plan to organize a written foreign language test in June, and put the foreign language listening and speaking test in peacetime and implement the computer test.

　　The relevant person in charge of Guangdong Education Examinations Institute said that these practices are basically consistent with the existing examination arrangements, without increasing the number of examinations and changing the examination time. It has been ensured that the examination arrangements will not affect the current teaching organization arrangements of middle schools, and will also ease the pressure on the current foreign language examinations in terms of propositions, organization and management, and ensure the steady progress of reform.

　　The relevant person in charge of the Examination Center of the Ministry of Education said that it is necessary to establish a standardized proposition mechanism and accumulate standardized question banks for the two-year foreign language examinations. At present, eight provinces have not fully met the conditions in this regard, so the existing examination arrangements will remain unchanged for the time being. When the conditions are ripe, they can actively explore the implementation of the two-year foreign language examinations and gradually implement them.

　　According to the implementation plan, the ordinary high school academic level examination is divided into qualified examination and selective examination. Qualified test scores are the main basis for students’ graduation and the determination of equivalent academic ability in ordinary high schools; The selected test scores are included in the total scores of candidates enrolled in the unified examination of ordinary colleges and universities. All the eight provinces arranged the selective examinations of the senior high school level examination together during the unified college entrance examination in June, and determined the number of examinations as one. Choose to test by the province unified proposition, unified examination, unified organization marking, unified published results.

　　Liu Haifeng, director of the Examination Research Center of Xiamen University, pointed out that in order to ensure the safe and orderly implementation of the college entrance examination, more than 20 government departments made concerted efforts. Because the selective examination of the high school level examination is included in the total score of the college entrance examination, its nature is equivalent to that of the college entrance examination. This arrangement in the implementation plan not only reduces the influence of multiple examinations on middle school teaching, but also relieves the pressure of organizing examinations at the grassroots level, and can avoid repeatedly using a lot of government resources and social resources.

　　From 2021, the total scores of candidates in the new college entrance examination in eight provinces are composed of unified college entrance examination subjects and academic level examination subjects, with a full score of 750 points. Among them, the original scores of unified college entrance examination subjects such as Chinese, mathematics and foreign language use are included in the total score of candidates, with a perfect score of 150 points for each subject. In the selected subjects, the original scores of physics or history are included in the total scores of candidates, with a perfect score of 100 points for each subject; The two subjects independently selected by candidates in ideological politics, geography, chemistry and biology will be included in the total score of candidates after being graded, with a perfect score of 100 points for each subject.

　　Why is the re-election subject graded? According to the relevant person in charge of the Education Department of Liaoning Province, candidates with the same preferred subjects can choose different selected subjects to be included in the college entrance examination results in ideological and political, geographical, chemical and biological subjects according to their personal interests and the requirements of college enrollment. Because of the difficulty difference of different subjects in the re-selected subjects and the different groups of candidates applying for the corresponding subjects, the original scores of the selected subjects are not comparable. The implementation of grading is mainly based on the different subjects selected by students, the different difficulty of each subject, and the incomparable original scores of each subject. It is made from the perspective of fairness and justice in educational examinations.

　　For example, he said, candidate A chose ideological politics and candidate B chose chemistry, and both of them got 80 points. Candidate A ranked 100th among all the ideological and political candidates, and candidate B ranked 1000th among all the chemistry candidates. It is neither scientific nor fair to simply add up their scores in all subjects and count them in the college entrance examination. Therefore, it is necessary to convert the original scores of different subjects into grade scores according to certain rules, and the queuing order of candidates’ selected subjects remains unchanged after conversion, so as to solve the problem that the original scores of selected subjects are not comparable.

　　According to the relevant person in charge of Chongqing Education Examinations Institute, the third batch of eight provinces that entered the reform formed a joint expert group under the unified guidance of the Ministry of Education, invited domestic experts and scholars in the field of mathematical statistics and analysis, learned from the experience of previous pilot provinces, and based on the analysis and calculation of the college entrance examination scores and admission data of eight provinces over the years, through mathematical modeling, within the framework of the evaluation standards of acceptance, discrimination, fit, promotion, stability and adaptability, the method of assigning common grades to eight provinces was determined, which has a better

　　"One point, one file", grade assignment not only ensures the comparability of scores between different subjects, but also increases the discrimination of exams. Han Ning, vice chairman of the Education Statistics and Measurement Branch of the China Education Association, said that eight provinces have carefully analyzed and simulated the various possibilities in the college entrance examination based on the big data of the past few years, and selected the parameter setting scheme that is most suitable for their own provinces, and followed the principles of "Don’t let candidates’ single-subject ranking change" and "Ensure the appropriate weight of selected subjects and ensure the good distinction of conversion scores"

　　Admission is based on "two bases and one reference" to promote students’ all-round and individual development.

　　The enrollment of unified examination in colleges and universities is the focus of social attention, and it is also the focus and difficulty of the comprehensive reform of college entrance examination. The implementation plan announced by the eight provinces has carried out the reform direction of "forming the examination enrollment mode of classified examination, comprehensive evaluation and multiple admission" determined by the State Council, and the mode of "two bases and one reference" has been implemented in college admission, that is, not only the scores of three unified college entrance examination subjects and three academic level examinations are selected, but also the comprehensive quality evaluation is taken as an important reference for admission, from simply "judging points" to "judging people".

　　"The comprehensive reform of the college entrance examination is not only a reform of the examination enrollment method, but also a major reform involving basic education and higher education, which is related to the entire talent training system. It is an inevitable requirement for implementing quality education, improving the quality of talent training and promoting students’ all-round and individual development." Jiang Changzhong, Party Secretary and Director of Hunan Provincial Education Department and Secretary of Education Working Committee of Provincial Party Committee, said that this reform is to establish and improve the comprehensive examination content system of morality, intelligence, physique, beauty and labor, build an examination enrollment evaluation system with China characteristics in the new era, establish an examination enrollment system for ordinary colleges and universities that conforms to the laws of education and talent growth and conforms to the requirements of the times, and implement comprehensive examination, comprehensive assessment and fairer selection, so as to realize the organic unity of student growth, national talent selection and social equity.

　　According to the implementation plan, the comprehensive quality evaluation content is divided into ideological and moral character, academic level, physical and mental health, artistic accomplishment, social practice and so on. The contents of students’ comprehensive quality evaluation are objectively recorded by real recording. Through the comprehensive quality evaluation system of senior high school students, senior high schools establish personal growth electronic files for each student. Under the guidance of teachers, students independently record their daily activities; According to the unified requirements of the provincial education departments, students sort out and select representative recording materials at the end of each semester to form an evaluation record form; When graduating from high school, according to the representative typical materials in the original records of the evaluation system, a comprehensive quality evaluation report of students is generated; Academic level test scores, credits and physical health test scores are uniformly imported by schools, education administrative departments and other relevant units.

　　With regard to the application of comprehensive quality evaluation materials, the implementation plans of the eight provinces have also made it clear that in addition to being used by senior high schools for student education and education administrative departments for monitoring and management of education and teaching, colleges and universities should formulate specific methods for using comprehensive quality evaluation materials in accordance with the provisions of the Ministry of Education, and take the evaluation results as an important reference for enrollment. In order to ensure the authenticity and credibility of the comprehensive quality evaluation materials of senior high school students, the activity records and factual materials used for enrollment must be publicized, and the students themselves and the relevant school leaders will confirm them on the network management platform after publicity without objection, and the school will finally review and check them.

　　The reporter found out that the eight provinces made it clear in the implementation plan that colleges and universities will compile their enrollment plans in two categories: physics and history. At the time of admission, candidates who choose physics and candidates who choose history will be queued for admission respectively. Candidates in Hebei, Liaoning, Chongqing and other provinces and cities take the mode of "major (category)+college", that is, one college and one enrollment major (category) is a volunteer, and the admission mode of parallel volunteer is implemented.

　　In Zheng Qinghua’s view, the past training mode made most senior high school students accustomed to burying their heads in study and only pursuing achievements, lacking understanding of the connotation of disciplines and majors in colleges and universities, the requirements and rules for entering the exam, and the lack of excavation and training of their own interests, specialties and professional intentions. Under the new college entrance examination mode, schools will be forced to help students find their own interests and specialties from the middle school stage, carry out career guidance, and simultaneously promote the college entrance examination reform with the curriculum reform in junior and senior high schools, so that students can unify their career planning, major selection and learning motivation, guide students to connect their studies with the majors they choose to enter colleges and universities in the future, and connect their future majors with the careers they will settle down in the future. Only by linking the career of settling down with the career of making contributions all one’s life, and finally guiding students to link their career with the career that can finally care about the world, benefit mankind and settle their souls, can we cultivate the real pillars needed by society.

　　Similarly, the enrollment mode of "major (category)+college" is also beneficial to colleges and universities to enroll students with clear professional aspirations, but it puts forward higher requirements for the specialty construction and talent training of colleges and universities, which will promote colleges and universities to further strengthen the discipline construction and improve the quality of talent training. In terms of specific operation, colleges and universities will work out enrollment plans in strict accordance with the requirements of the elective subjects of their enrollment majors, and according to the requirements of personnel training, according to the two categories of "physics disciplines" and "history disciplines", and the requirements for elective subjects will be clearly defined in each enrollment major.

　　Accelerating the enrollment reform of classified examination in higher vocational education is an important measure of the comprehensive reform of college entrance examination. Yong Yang, Party Secretary and Director of the Education Department of Hebei Province, said that higher vocational education bears the important task of cultivating diversified talents, inheriting technical skills and promoting employment and entrepreneurship, so it pays more attention to the assessment of students’ vocational orientation and vocational skills in the examination enrollment. Implementing the classified examination enrollment of higher vocational education and separating the enrollment of higher vocational colleges from that of ordinary colleges will not only help higher vocational colleges to select and cultivate skilled talents according to the rules of vocational education, but also help some students to choose their own vocational education as soon as possible.

　　In the implementation plans of eight provinces, it is clear that the enrollment reform of classified examinations in higher vocational colleges should be promoted. Fujian makes it clear that the enrollment of classified examinations in higher vocational colleges is mainly based on higher vocational (junior college) enrollment, and it is the main channel for higher vocational colleges to enroll students. Since 2020, the classified enrollment of higher vocational colleges is relatively separated from the enrollment of ordinary colleges and universities, and the evaluation method of "cultural quality+vocational skills" is implemented, and the entrance examination for higher vocational education is no longer organized separately.

　　Hebei, as a province with a large number of students, has made great efforts to promote the enrollment reform of classified examinations in higher vocational education in order to solve the problem of "thousands of troops crossing the single-plank bridge", based on the fact that higher vocational colleges account for a large proportion and a large number. Yong Yang said that in combination with the actual situation of this province, efforts should be made to break through innovation, and in the enrollment plan, classified examination enrollment will become the main channel for enrollment in higher vocational colleges; In the assessment content, we should distinguish the different characteristics of ordinary high school students and secondary vocational school students and implement the evaluation method of "cultural quality+vocational skills"; In the enrollment, we should carry out the reform of parallel volunteer’s investment in one file and explore the way of multi-investment in one file.

　　Guide the reform of high school education mode and strengthen the construction of basic guarantee conditions.

　　The examination enrollment system is a national basic education system, and the comprehensive reform of college entrance examination is a major reform in the field of education, which will inevitably have a far-reaching impact on the current high school education and even the whole education.

　　"The basic idea of deepening the comprehensive reform of the college entrance examination is to adhere to the direction of reform, maintain strategic strength, enhance the tenacity of reform, and ensure the implementation of the overall design of the" Implementation Opinions of the State Council on Deepening the Reform of the Examination Enrollment System "in accordance with the principle of" promoting quality education, promoting education equity, and scientifically selecting talents "; Adhere to the problem orientation, adhere to local conditions, continue to intensify efforts to promote effective policies that are welcomed by the masses, and fully consider the differences in different regions for reform measures with high basic conditions, and introduce plans according to local conditions to ensure smooth and orderly reform; Adhere to coordinated promotion, further strengthen the reform coordination between provinces and relevant departments within the province, and form a good situation of coordination and overall promotion. " The person in charge of the relevant department of the Ministry of Education said.

　　It is an important measure for ordinary senior high school teaching to adapt to the new college entrance examination and an inevitable requirement for the comprehensive reform of college entrance examination. "It can be predicted that for basic education, the implementation of class selection will have a direct impact on the scale and structure of subject teachers because of the different proportion of candidates in each subject." The relevant person in charge of the Hunan Provincial Department of Education pointed out that how to implement this important measure aimed at respecting students’ personality differences, expanding students’ independent choice in learning and meeting the learning needs of students with different potentials, promoting students’ all-round and individual development and improving the quality of education and teaching requires in-depth research.

　　According to the relevant interpretation manuscripts published by 8 provinces, there is a clear arrangement on how to carry out the teaching of selecting courses and moving classes. For example, schools should not crowd out the classes of other non-selected subjects in order to increase the class hours of selected subjects, but should strictly implement the curriculum plan of ordinary high schools promulgated by the state and strive to develop excellent elective courses; Explore the school teaching management system that adapts to the teaching of selecting courses and leaving classes, and construct a class management system that organically combines administrative classes with teaching classes, class teachers and tutorial systems; Strengthen the construction of smart campus, make full use of information technology, and gradually realize the intellectualization of management activities such as course selection, course arrangement, management and evaluation.

　　In terms of strengthening team building, eight provinces have also made it clear that various measures should be taken to alleviate the structural shortage of teachers in some disciplines by purchasing services, rehiring outstanding retired teachers, and exploring "county management and school employment". Strengthen the training of teachers and increase the transfer training of teachers in surplus disciplines. At the same time, efforts should be made to improve the conditions for running schools, and measures such as newly rebuilding and expanding some high schools and strictly implementing enrollment plans should be taken to eliminate large classes in ordinary high schools.

　　As the most comprehensive and thorough reform of the examination enrollment system in history, the comprehensive reform of the college entrance examination has brought about changes in talent selection and training mode, which has incomparable advantages in forcing universities and middle schools to educate people from the perspective of students’ long-term development and to select talents and guide them from the perspective of more yuan and more in line with actual development needs.

　　Senior high school is a critical period for students’ personality formation and independent development, and it is also a critical period for students to choose the future development direction of their lives. The reporter found out that this reform highlights the guidance for students’ development, including not only academic guidance, but also life guidance and career guidance. In order to provide guidance for students’ development, all provinces have made clear requirements for constructing characteristic curriculum system, establishing professional teachers, carrying out multi-theme activities, expanding and enriching professional experience, and applying scientific evaluation system, so as to effectively help students solve practical problems and ideological puzzles encountered in their studies, life and career planning.

　　The comprehensive reform of college entrance examination is a key breakthrough of comprehensive education reform, and at the same time, it is also a tough "hard bone", which belongs to the key hub of reform and is at the core of the "top priority" of education reform. Under the overall command of the Ministry of Education, the comprehensive reform of college entrance examination in eight provinces has been carried out steadily, scientifically and orderly, and all the preparatory work in the early stage has been successfully completed.

　　Zhong Binglin, president of China Education Association, said that the distribution of educational resources in China is uneven, and there is a gap between the eight provinces that have implemented the new plan and the developed education areas such as Zhejiang and Shanghai. Therefore, we should pay attention to the study and introduction of relevant supporting measures, and jointly promote the comprehensive reform of college entrance examination, and form a good situation of coordinated linkage and overall promotion between the government and schools, examination enrollment and personnel training, and high school education and higher education, and promote the steady implementation of the comprehensive reform of college entrance examination.

　　According to Yang Dongping, a member of the National Education Examination Steering Committee, the college entrance examination system consists of examination system, enrollment system and supporting service guarantee policies. According to the situation released by eight provinces, the guarantee of various conditions for the comprehensive reform of the college entrance examination is also vigorously promoted. Taking Hubei Province as an example, the Committee for Deep Reform of the Provincial Party Committee listed the comprehensive reform of the college entrance examination as a key reform item in the province, and the leading group for the reform of the provincial education system took it as an annual key reform task. Governments at all levels in the province invested a total of 11.2 billion yuan to build, rebuild and expand 49 high schools and 187 million yuan to build standardized examination centers. The Hubei Provincial Department of Education has set up a promotion mechanism of "1 (comprehensive work) +3 (teaching, examination and enrollment) +N (some specific work)". Cities and counties have also established corresponding working mechanisms, forming a good atmosphere of joint deployment and promotion and full participation in reform.

　　"To actively respond to the comprehensive reform of the college entrance examination, we must implement the main responsibility, establish a coordinated promotion mechanism, and truly implement it." The relevant person in charge of the Education Department of Liaoning Province said that the next step will be to highlight key points, strengthen the capacity building of examination institutions, improve the infrastructure conditions of ordinary high schools, strengthen the construction of teachers, deepen the curriculum reform of ordinary high schools, and do a good job in a series of supporting work such as comprehensive quality evaluation of high school students to ensure the smooth progress of the comprehensive reform of college entrance examination. (Reporter Wan Yufeng)